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Dictyocaulosis (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) is a widespread parasitosis of the European bison (Bison bonasus) inhabiting Bialowieza Primeval Forest. Bearing in mind the current coexistence of bison with wild cervids, and with domestic ruminants in the 19th and 20th century, the need arose for molecular identification of lungworm species. Molecular analysis was done on adult lungworms that were obtained from the respiratory track of four free-roaming bison euthanized as a part of the population health control program. As the result of the study four identical small subunit-ribosomal RNA gene sequences from the lungworms were obtained and deposited in GenBank as sequence, 1708 bp long (GenBank KC771250). Comparative analysis of the SSU rRNA sequences revealed the European bison to be a host for the bovine lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus.
The study was conducted in 2012-2013 on 75 fecal samples of red deer from the Lower Silesian Wilderness which were examined to determine the prevalence of Fascioloides magna in the game population. Finding liver fluke eggs in a single sample which were larger in size than Fasciola hepatica eggs indicated that further molecular analysis was necessarily. The partial sequence (116 bp long) of ITS-2 of the investigated eggs was identical to the sequences of F. magna from red deer (Cervus elaphus) (GenBank, EF534993; GenBank, EF534992) and from wapiti deer (Cervus elaphus canadensis) (GenBank, EF534994) from Slovakia, as well as from fallow deer (Dama dama) from the USA (GenBank, EF051080). This is the first molecular confirmation of the occurrence of F. magna in Poland.
Angiostrongylus vasorum belongs to the superfamily of Metastrongyloidea. This nematode occurs in foxes, dogs and other predators. The Nematode A. vasorum place themselves in the pulmonary artery and its branches, and in the right ventricle and atrium of the heart. Numerous species of land snails are the intermediate hosts of the parasite. In 2013, lungs and hearts of 76 foxes shot in the Forest District Głęboki Bród in Augustowska Primeval Forest were parasitologically necropsied. Four of the examined foxes were infected with the nematode A. vasorum, a prevalence of 5.2%. In one fox pericardium there were 6 male and 6 female nematodes. In the remaining three foxes nematodes were localized in the pulmonary artery. In two foxes 2 specimens of nematodes were detected (male and female, and two females) while 1 female was detected in the other fox. This is the first report of the presence of the nematode A.vasorum in fox in Poland.
Parasite invasions are one of the main diagnosed pathologies of European bison. Since the severity and parasite species composition varies depending on the season, parasitological monitoring and deworming of European bison and evaluation of its effectiveness is important in the breeding of European bison. For that reason, parasitological evaluation based on coproscopical methods of live animals was performed. Full parasitological examinations of the digestive system together with necropsies were performed post-mortally. The obtained data enabled the selection of a suitable deworming treatment. The results showed that the parasite species composition in the fenced European bison breeding center was similar to the situation observed in free ranging European bison. The invasion of a blood sucking nematode Ashworthius sidemi was confirmed in European bison closed breeding for the first time. None of the European bison showed any clinical symptoms caused by parasitic factors. The research proved that from the clinical point of view the deworming process is more crucial in the spring, because of increased intensity and extensiveness of invasions during this time and the possibility for the use of chemotherapeutics with a broader spectrum of treatment.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection with F. magna flukes in roe deer from the conifer forest Bory Zielonogórskie. Parasitological dissection was performed on 20 roe deer hunted in May 2016. Faecal samples from the animals were examined by the decantation method. One roebuck was verified to be infected with F. magna, which yielded a prevalence of 5%. We noted fibrinous deposits on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver with adhesions to the diaphragm, as well as five dark-coloured nodular protrusions on the liver surface. In the cross section view of the infected liver, we saw five pseudocysts corresponding to the nodular protrusions observed on the liver surface. Three of the pseudocysts were filled with dark brown liquid containing a few flukes, their eggs and cell detritus. The other two pseudocysts contained dark fluid and fragments of dead flukes. Although, no liver fluke eggs were detected in the faeces, thousands of eggs were found in the pseudocysts. Previous studies in Poland revealed two foci of this parasitosis: in south-western and south-eastern parts of the country. It is possible that the range of both foci is expanding due to red deer migrations and the spread of infected water snails and larval forms of the parasite in watercourses and rivers. Fascioloides magna infection is a threat for cervids and domestic ruminants. Therefore, it is important to monitor the occurrence of this fluke in Poland. It is essential to determine the range of fascioloidosis, examine the intermediate host species and record cases of F. magna infection in domestic ruminants.
Fascioloides magna, a liver trematode introduced into Europe in the 19th century from North America is an important parasite of wild and domestic ruminants. In order to confirm the occurrence of this fluke in Poland, a parasitological autopsy was conducted on 30 deer shot in the winter of 2013/2014 in Lower Silesian Wilderness. In addition, samples of faeces of those animals were examined by a decantation method. It was found that two doe were infected with F. magna flukes, so the prevalence amounted to 6.6%. Two specimens of flukes were found in the liver of one doe, and nine were found in the other. The livers were enlarged, and dark brown or black blotchy pigmentation and fibrinous tags were observed on their surface and on the section. In the parenchyma of the organ, numerous wholes capsules (pseudocysts) were found. They were filled with bloody or dark brown liquid, in which flukes were located. Many parasite eggs were also found in faeces.
Liver fluke Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a parasite typical of elk (Alces alces). The present study describes the identification of a massive invasion of the liver fluke P. fasciolaemorpha in an elk in the Sobibór Landscape Park, Eastern Poland. In February 2016, samples of liver and faeces were collected from the elk during postmortem examination. A section of liver tissue and three grams of faeces were examined for the presence of flukes or fluke eggs by decantation. In total, 11,150 juvenile and mature flukes of P. fasciolaemorpha were found in the examined liver. Multiple cavities with distinct walls, filled with dark liquid, trematodes, fluke eggs and cellular detritus were seen in the cross section of the parenchyma. Additionally, some of the bile ducts were plugged with calcerous deposits. The three grams of examined faeces were found to contain 322 grey and golden-coloured eggs of P. fasciolaemorpha. The presence of such a massive infection of P. fasciolaemorpha in the examined elk has a significant impact on the health of the individual. We can assume P. fasciolaemorpha has a significant influence on the health and abundance of the entire elk population in Poland.
The nematodes from Setaria genus are not well known in Poland. The aim of this work is the presentation of the first case of S. tundra nematodes in elk (Alces alces) in Poland. Parasitological necropsy of 10 elk found in November 2010 was performed under the authorization of the Ministry of the Environment that allowed hunting them for scientific purposes in Augustowska Forest and in the Biebrza Marshes. Moreover, 2 young elk which died as a result of traffic accidents in Kampinoska Forest and 1 from in Białowieża Forest were necropsied. The research found that three elk were infected with Setaria tundra nematode, so the prevalence was 23%. Two of the infected elk came from Kampinoska Forest, the third from Białowieża Forest. In both elk from Kampinoska Forest 3 specimens of S. tundra were found in the peritoneal cavity, 7 specimens of nematodes were found in the abomasum of the elk from Białowieża Forest. On the basis of literature the adherence and pathogenicity of the nematodes species of the Setaria genus that occur in the country was discussed.
Aelurostrongylus falciformis belongs to the superfamily of Metastrongyloidea. This nematode occurs in European badgers and locates in lungs, in respiratory tract. Numerous species of land snails are intermediate hosts of the parasite. In 2015, parasitological necropsy of 9 badgers, shot in the Forest District Głęboki Bród in Augustowska Primeval Forest, was performed. Two examined animals were infected with nematodes A. falciformis. In the lungs of each badger two specimens of nematodes were detected (male and female). In the following article, description, morphometrical data and figures are presented. This is the first report of A. falciformis infection in badgers in Poland.
The aim of the study was to determine the parasite species occurring currently in European bison from the Borecka Forest and to estimate prevalence and intensity of their infections. Anatomopathological and parasitological necropsy of four bison from the Borecka Forest has been carried out. 24 bison faecal samples were also analyzed using flotation, decantation and the Baermann method. As a result of performed necropsies and coproscopical analysis, 13 nematode species, 2 species of flukes and 7 species of coccidia were found. In comparison with previous studies, parasitofauna of European bison from the Borecka Forest has been augmented with 6 nematodes species (Ashworthius sidemi, Haemonchus placei, Aonchotheca bilobata, Ostertagia antipini, Ostertagia lyrata and Trichuris ovis), 1 species of fluke (Paramphistomum cervi) and 3 species of coccidia (Eimeria auburnensis, E. canadensis and E. alabamensis). All necropsied bisons were infected with nematodes A. sidemi. The Borecka Forest has been recognized as a new focus of ashwortiosis. Post-mortem examinations confirm the role of parasites, both nematodes and flukes, in the formation of gross lesions in infected bisons.
Liver fluke Fascioloides magna is a typical parasite of American cervids. The reason for F. magna to appear in Poland territory was bringing the American wapiti deer to those forests around 1850. Along with these deer the aforementioned fluke was also introduced. The aim of this study was to present the case of finding of this species in cervids in Bory Zielonogórskie. Samples of deer feces were collected in February 2015 in Forest District Krzystkowice. A total of 16 samples of feces were examined, 7 of which came from the red deer, 4 from roe deer and 2 samples from fallow deer. Three grams of feces from each sample were examined for the presence of trematode eggs using the decantation method. Eggs of F. magna were detected in 2 of 7 examined samples from red deer, in the first sample it were found 3 eggs, and in the second one 46 eggs. Moreover, flukes eggs were found in 3 out of 4 roe deer faecal samples, in numbers of 1, 3 and 58 eggs respectively in each sample. Also, in faecal samples from two fallow deer were found in one of them 17 eggs F. magna. The results of this study extend the range of occurrence of the trematodes F. magna on the neighboring Lower Silesia Forest complex of Bory Zielonogórskie which are distant about 50 km. Fallow deer and roe deer were considered to be new in Poland definitive hosts of F. magna.
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