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Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a well-known hereditary condition characterised by alimentary system tumours. Tens to thousands of polyps occur in the colon and rectum of the patients. There is a high heterogeneity with regard to the number and time of the occurrence of polyps. The occurrence of FAP is associated with mutations in the APC tumour suppressor gene, which was described in 1991. Since then, many studies have been done to analyse the distribution of mutations in individual populations and to determine the function of the gene and a diagnostic approach to FAP. Here the APC gene was studied with respect to the occurrence of small mutations and large rearrangements in 300 unrelated Polish FAP families. Ninety-seven mutations were identified in 164 families. Out of these mutations, 80 were small mutations, including 58 small mutations that were first identified in the Polish population (42 novel and 16 described previously). An increased frequency of mutation c.3927_3931delAAAGA was observed in 10% of the Polish group. Seventeen large rearrangements were found in 29 families. Out of those rearrangements, 8 repeat rearrangements occurred in 20 families. A problem in fast molecular diagnostics of FAP is a high heterogeneity of mutations in the APC gene. It seems that a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification test and searching for small mutations by the use of screening methods at the 5’end of exon 15 and exons 14, 9, 11, 13, 5, and 3, help to improve the molecular diagnostics of FAP in Polish patients.
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Diagnostyka molekularna w biologii i medycynie

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In the last decade, the development and application of molecular techniques has revolutionised the diagnosis and monitoring of human diseases. Nucleic acids techniques, such as microbial DNA genotyping, analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are making progress in medical diagnostic laboratories. Sequence analysis of amplified DNA allows better identification of pathogen, detection of mutant genes and more accurate prognosis of certain diseases.
Proteoglycans can be found in the extracellular matrix of most tissues. They play the role of receptors, take part in cellular adhesion and also interactions between cells. Proteoglycans consist of proteins with one or more covalently bonded glycosaminoglycans. There are seven different types of glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, heparin and sulphates of chondroitin, keratan I and II, heparin and dermatan. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate appear in synovial fluid where they take part in binding water, preventing mechanical stress and increasing elasticity. Keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate are used as potential markers of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. Cartilage is a protein substance that serves as a cushion between the bones of the joints. Dermatan sulphate is responsible for the individual resistance to inflammation and pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms of interactions between glycosaminoglycans and pathogens will help to develop more effective vaccinations. The perfect functioning of glycosaminoglycans depends on the efficient activity of both synthesising and degrading enzymes. Even small dysfunctions cause major diseases and disorders.
The RYR1 gene encoding the Ca²⁺ channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum of human skeletal muscle has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence has been determined earlier. We have used the polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), and sequencing analysis for human, porcine (Sus scrofa), and zebrine (Equus grevyi) ryanodine receptor (ryrl) gene. The fragment of exon 17 of the ryr1 gene was characterized by a high homology between all the analysed species (substitution of a nucleotide is underlined): porcine ryr1 ¹⁸³⁴GTG GCC GTG CGC TCC AAC CAA GAT CT¹⁸⁵⁹ human RYR1 ¹⁸³¹GTG GCC GTG CGC TCC AAC CAA GAT CT¹⁸⁵⁶ zebrine ryr1 GTG GCC GTG CGC TCC AAC CAA GAC CT.
Screening for molecular changes within the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, exons 11-14 and the 5’ half of exon 15, encompassing the mutation cluster region within exon 15, was performed in 30 patients with Familial Polyposis Coli (FAP). All patients were studied by heteroduplex analysis (HA) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and molecular changes were found in 7 cases. Protein truncation test (PTT) has been performed in 17 cases in which mutations have not been found earlier, and shortening of protein product was noted in 2 cases. In three cases common deletion of 5 bp at codon 1309 and in one 5 bp deletion at codon 1061 were found. In other cases the molecular changes were demonstrated as heteroduplexes in exon 14 (1 patient), in segments E and F (one patient each) of exon 15, and in two cases the heteroduplexes were within the overlapping sequences of segments E/F and F/G of exon 15, respectively. In families where the molecular changes were found by HA, 7 persons at high risk for FAP were found and advised to undergo regular endoscopic examinations. In three persons at risk the transfer of mutation was excluded.
The advent of transgenic technology has provided methods for the production of pharmaceuticals by the isolation of these proteins from transgenic animals. The mammary gland has been focused on as a bioreactor, since milk is easily collected from lactating animals and protein production can be expressed at very high levels, including hormones and enzymes. We demonstrate here the expression pattern of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in transgenic rabbits carrying hGH genomic sequences driven by the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter. The transgene was mapped to the q26-27 telomere region of chromosome 7q by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Nearly 30 % of the F1 generation demonstrated the presence of transgene. The recombinant growth hormone was detected in the milk of the transgenic rabbit females, but not in serum, up to the level of 10 μg/ml. Ectopic expression of the transgene in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, and salivary gland was not observed, indicating that a short sequence of rat WAP promoter (969 bp) contained essential sequences directing expression exclusively to the mammary gland. The biological activity of recombinant growth hormone was measured by immunoreactivity and the capability to stimulate growth of the hormone-dependent Nb211 cell line.
 Aims: Accurate assessment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity is the cornerstone of effective therapy. Fecal M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) and fecal calprotectin (FC) are noninvasive markers of mucosal inflammation in IBD. The aim of this study was to compare performance of M2-PK and FC in assessment of pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) severity and activity. Materials and methods: 121 patients with IBD, including 75 with UC and 46 with CD were recruited. Control group consisted of 35 healthy children (HS). Patients were assigned to groups depending on disease severity and activity. M2-PK and calprotectin concentration were determined in stool samples using ELISA. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for FC and M2-PK with cut-off level at which M2-PK specificity was matching FC specificity were calculated and compared. Results: Performance of M2-PK at identifying patients with IBD, UC and CD among HS was inferior to FC. The differences in AUC were respectively: -0.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.13-(-0.06)], p<0.0001), -0.14 (95% CI [-0.19-(-0.09)], p<0.0001) and -0.03 (95% CI [-0.05-(-0.001)], p<0.02). M2-PK was inferior to FC in discriminating patients with mild UC from those with HS (AUC difference -0.23, 95% CI [-0.31-(-0.15)], p<0.0001). Conclusions: FC reflects pediatric IBD severity and activity better than M2-PK. This difference is particularly pronounced when identifying patients with mild UC and UC in remission.
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