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The aim of this study was the assessment the effects of vegetarian nutrition mode (lactoovovegetarian, lactovegetarian, vegan, semivegetarian) on the blood levels of lipid peroxides determined indirectly as thiobarbituric acid-reacting substance (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) as well as catalase activity (CAT). The studied group of vegetarians comprised 170 subjects who were compared with 80 controls living on traditional diet. A statistically significantly higher of TBARS (3.61 ± 0.47 nmol/ml) and lower SOD activity (1631 ± 200 U/gHb) and CAT activity (48.2 ± 11.6 U/gHb) were found in vegetarians as compared to nonvegetarians (3.21 ± 0.43 TBARS, 1719 ± 172 SOD and 62.2 ± 15.6 CAT). Higher TBARS level in vegetarians depended, in some degree, on the type of vegetarian diet. The highest TBARS level was found in the vegan group (3.87 ± 0.53 nmol/ml). The obtained results show that vegetarian diets may contain factors inhibiting the antioxidant enzymes and diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can be the source of lipid peroxides.
Using Wistar rats the effect of exercise was studied on the level of lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase activity in the serum and certain tissues, and the contents of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TChol), cholesterol in high density lipoprotein fractions (HDL -chol and HDL3-chol) and alpha-tocopherol in the serum. Low-grade exercise decreased by about 10% the lipid peroxide level in the serum, the soleus muscle and myocardium. Greater exercise increased the lipid peroxide level in the studied tissues. In the liver the lipid peroxide level rose by 20% independently of the degree of exercise. Superoxide activity increased proportionally to the grade of exercise in the myocardium, the soleus muscle and the liver. The serum alphatocopherol level increased in the groups of animals subjected to exercise. In the group with higher grade of exercise a slight fall of TChol in the serum and a fall of HDL and HDL3, cholesterol.
In a long-term study the effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on certain lipid metabolism parameters were compared. Male Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups and were given diets with added studied fats. The diets contained 15% of energy from fats (7.5 g/100 g of diet) such as fish oil, sunflower oil and a mixture of butter and lard. At time intervals of 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 12 months the rats were decapitated and lipids were determined in their serum and tissues. In the aorta the axtent of fat deposits was measured plani- metrically. Fish oil was found to reduce most evidently the level of total cholesterol in serum and tissues. Sunflower oil in a lower degree decreased the accumulation of cholesterol in rat organism but increased the concentration of HDL-cholesterol. The atherogenic index in this group was lowest, and the extent of atheromatous lesions was least pronounced. The atherogenic effect of animal fats was confirmed.
The National Food and Nutrition Institute began studies on the nutritional status and dietary habits of Polish vegetarians. Within this programme the concentrations of plasma lipids were assessed in 170 vegetarians. The obtained results were compared with those in a group of 80 controls on traditional diet (nonvegetarians). The whole population of vegetarians comprised 87 lactoovovegetarians (LOV), 41 lactovegetarians (LV), 13 vegans (V) and 28 semivegetarians (SV). In all vegetarians statistically significantly lower levels were found of total cholesterol (TC) 3.94 ± 0.92 mmol/l, and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) 2.28 ± 0.77 mmol/l. In the control group of nonvegetarians the respective values were 4.33 ± 0.80 mmol/l for TC and 2.64 ± 0.69 mmol/l for LDL-C. The lowest TC and LDL-C levels were in the group of vegans. Vegan diet caused in males more pronounced lowering of plasma TC and LDL-C than in females. No differences were found between the levels of HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in the plasma of vegetarians and nonvegetarians.
The results of epidemiological and "balance" trials concerning calcium and phosphorus intake in different population groups in different ages are presented in this paper. On the grounds of collected information from trials aforesaid, as well as from other publications concerning phosphorus and calcium nutritional recommendations , the updating of those recommendations for Polish are proposed. Changes refer mainly to increased calcium and phosphorus intake among adolescents of both sexes, aged 10-18 years. For adults aged 26-50 and 60 and over, the increase of calcium intake and the reduction of phosphorus intake is proposed. The group of menopausal women is separated in the publication. For them the calcium intake level is proposed according to hormonal substitution therapy used or not by them. For adults aged 60 and over increase of calcium intake is proposed. It is stressed in the paper that increased calcium intake can prevent osteoporosis regardless of age.
The purpose of the study was the assessment of the intensity of peroxidation processes during experimental hypercholesterolaemia and the comparison of the antioxidative action of beta-carotene with that of vitamins C and E. The experiment was cairied out on 50 guinea pigs receiving a diet containing 0.2% of cholesteroli A part of the animals received additionally beta-carotene (50 mg per 100 g of lhe diet), another part was given vitamin E (10 mg/ 100 g of the diet), vitamin C (500 mg/100 g of the diet) and beta-carotene (50 mg/ 100 g of the diet). Histological examinations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta demonstrated in hypercholesterolemia animals a significant reduction of lipid infiltrations in the group receiving supplements of these vitamins. Beta-carotene was found to inhibit the development of atherosclerotic lesion in the same degree as all three antioxidative vitajnins ailmitiislered jointly. In biochemical investigations it was shown that the administration of beta-carotene or the complex of antioxidative vitamins inhibited in the same degree the rise of TBA-IiS produced by high-cliolesterol diet. The study confirmed also a positive correlation between TBA-RS concentration an the activity of CK and CK-MB enzymes. The presence of vitamin C and E in the atherogenic diet exerted a more beneficial effect than beta-carotene on the distribution of cholesterol in HDL and LDL fractions.
The effects of vegetable oils („non-erucic-acid” rapeseed oil and sunflower oil) and animal fat (butter) on the development of experimental atherosclerosis were studied in rabbits kept during 12 weeks on a cholesterol-rich diet. The degree of atherosclerotic changes by calculating planimetrically the site of the areas of fatty infiltrations in the aorta, the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides lipid peroxides in the serum and ascorbic acid content in the tissues was determined. The cholesterol-rich diet caused development of atherosclerotic changes, increased serum cholesterol and lipid peroxide levels and ascorbic acid concentration in the studied tissues. „Non-eru- cid-acid” rapeseed oil slowed down the development of experimental atherosclerosis in a degree comparable to the effects of sunflower oil.
The aim of the retrospective study conducted over a period of five years was to assess the changes occurring in peroxidation processes in the blood of elderly people, and to find out possible correlations between the products of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidants, that is vitamins and enzymes with antioxidant activity. The study was carried out in a group of men and women born between 1921 and 1923. In 1992, 157 people (73 men and 84 women) participated in the study. In 1997 the second study was done on 103 people from the initial groups (43 men and 60 women). The concentration of lipid peroxides (TBARS), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (KAT) was measured in blood samples taken from an antecubital vein, from fasting subjects. Correlation coefficients were determined between TBARS, SOD, KAT and antioxidant vitamins and plasma lipids. It was found that over that period of five years the TBARS level decreased statistically significantly, on the average by 25%, in the plasma of men, and by 16% in that of women, as compared to the year 1992. SOD activity increased in blood haemolysates statistically significantly by 9% in men and by 22% in women. Over the same time period KAT activity decreased by 18% in men and by 11% women. A positive correlation was noted between TBARS and SOD activity both in 1992 and in 1997. TBARS level was negatively correlated with tocopherol level and cumulative antioxidant index in the blood of these subjects. In 1992 a positive correlation was demonstrated between TBARS and total cholesterol concentration. A positive correlation between TBARS and LDL-cholesterol was noted both in 1992 and 1997. During the five-year period of the study LDL-cholesterol level was positively correlated with SOD activity.
The purpose of the study was determination of the effects of joint administration of antioxidant vitamins and mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. The experiment was carried out on 40 rabbits divided into 4 groups. Groups A, B, C, received stock diet with added cholesterol 0,2 g per 100 g of diet, in group B the diet was supplemented with rapaseed and sunflower oil besides cholesterol, group C was given 500 mg of vitamin C, 150 mg of vitamin E, 50 mg of beta-carotene besides cholesterol and oils per 100 g of diets. The control group - D, received stock diet with addition of the studied oils and vitamins. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The mean area of lipid lesions in the aorta of the rabbits receiving the atherogenic diet was 18.1 ± 10.1%. The addition of vegetable oils to cholesterol-rich diet reduced this area to 14.0 ± 8.6%. The smallest lipid lesions (1.9 ± 1.3%) were in the animals receiving cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with antioxidant vitamins and vegetable oils. It was found also that cholesterol consumption was the highest in that group. The results of the experiment show that atherogenic processes in rabbits depend on many factors and are not directly proportional to the amount of cholesterol taken with diet and cholesterol concentration in serum.
Ziemlański, Ś., Wartanowicz, M., Potrzebnicka, K., and Panczenko-Kresowska, B.: Ascorbic acid and tocopherol levels in the organs and serum of guinea pigs with experimentally induced atherosclerosis. Acta physiol, pol., 1989, 40(5-6): 552-557. A 7-month experiment was carried out on ginea pigs to elucidate the effect of hight-cholesterol diet containing various fats on the levels of ascorbic acid and to tocopherol in the organism. In the guinea pigs with experimentally induced atherosclerosis the retention of ascorbic acid and tocopherol was found to be greater than that in the control animals.
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