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An increasing contamination of the Baltic Sea impelled the governments of the Baltic states to take action to save the sea. It was agreed in Ronneby in 1990 that a Joint Comprehensive Programme of the Baltic Sea Environmental Protection should be formulated. The programme was approved by ministers of environmental protection of 10 Baltic states in Helsinki in April 1992. The author, head of the editorial body of the programme, presents an outline of the programme and difficulties related to its realization.
The Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is one of the European regions seriously vulnerable to drought events and there is an urgent need in the region to develop better drought management systems. In February 2013 the Global Water Partnership for Central and Eastern Europe region launched the Integrated Drought Management Programme (IDMP CEE) involving more than 40 organizations from 10 CEE countries. The Programme is structured to provide both policy advice and practical solutions in drought management. The specifi c objectives of the IDMP CEE are to develop understanding, knowledge and planning for integrated drought management, map and assess the impact of droughts. Moreover, several case studies (demonstration projects) in pilot basins involving local communities are initiated. The national governments are supported to incorporate drought management in their national programs, develop monitoring framework and raise drought awareness through effi cient dissemination mechanisms. All countries of the CEE region need to improve both their short-term and long-term responses across sectors to meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts. In spite of the fact that several basins in the region are of transboundary character, regional integration of drought monitoring and early warning is not at the level desired. Whilst the lack of water is the primary cause of drought, there are still a large number of factors which exacerbate and intensify its effects. If these factors – many of which have little to do with water per se – are adequately managed, the consequences of the lack of water can be greatly reduced. For example, there are several specifi c problems and challenges related to the current process of economic transition in the region, including macroeconomic and financial problems.
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