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Background. Plant origin food ingredients are the main source of very potent antioxidants. Tocopherols, the main oilseeds natural antioxidants are very potent and when implemented into celi membranes are able to scavenge large number of free radicals. Among plant antioxidants are mainly phenolics, large and diversified group of Chemical compounds with different radical scavenging potential. Material and methods. Defatted flaxseed meals were extracted with pure alcohols and its mixture with water. Acquired extracts were analysed for the content of phenolics and flavonoids using colorimetric procedures. Antioxidative capacity was assessed by utilizing: DPPH stable free radicals; inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and reducing power of components. Results. Investigation was conducted on two different batches of flaxseed, assessing antioxidant capacity of compounds extracted with different polarity solvents and extracts were tested for antioxidant activity with different methods. The highest yield of extraction was achieved with 80% methanol but the extract did not contain the highest amount of phenolics and flavonoids. When 80% ethanol was used for extraction the highest amount of flavonoids was detected and also the best antioxidant capacity. Conclusions. The results clearly showed that utilization of polar solvent enable extraction of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids. Those components were the most potent antioxidants present in these extracts. Content of these compounds correlated well with results from applied methods for antioxidant assessment.
Static and field studies concerning the significance of crop rotation at the regulation of weed infestation in winter wheat, triticale and rye were carried out for 12 years at Zakład Produkcyjno-Doświadczalny in Bałcyny. As the control object – cereals grown in a perennial, unprotected monoculture was accepted. Comparative objects were cereals cultivated in a protected by herbicides monoculture, and cereals in unprotected crop rotation, respectively. It was shown that the effectiveness of crop rotation measured by reduction of weed number and weight in relation to unprotected monoculture concerning winter wheat and triticale was slightly lower in comparison with the herbicide effectiveness. In the case of winter rye that effectiveness was better than the effectiveness of herbicides. In the case of winter wheat and winter triticale a lower effectiveness of crop rotation in relation to herbicides probably resulted from the fact that in these crops, in some years regardless of autumn herbicide application, a spring treatment was additionally carried out. However, in the case of winter rye monoculture the application of herbicides every year of the study was limited to one treatment. It was additionally stated that the crop rotation allowed to preserve the biodiversity of weeds community, while herbicide treatments significantly reduced that community.
The distillation-extraction method was used to separate and condense volatile compounds from standard solutions and from cereal products. Condensed extracts of cereal volatiles were separated in gas chromatograph columns. Subsequently, the eluate was subjected to aromatic characterization.
Isolation of volatiles from packaging materials was carried out with the head space and distillation-extraction methods. Separation of the volatile components was performed in a gas chromatograph.
The bacteria growing on wheat and corn grain produce a number of volatile chemical compounds responsible for the unpleasant sour, sour-milk and putrid smells. With the aid of GLC/MS analysis, 46 chemical compounds produced by bacteria on cereal grain have been identified. The following compounds were produced by bacteria in greatest quantities: acetoin, acetone, acetoin acetate, methylallylacetate, vinyl acetate, volatile fatty acids and amines.
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