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An exciting discovery in neurosciences over the last years has been that of a mechanism that unifies action perception and action execution. The essence of this mechanism – the mirror mechanism – is the following. Each time individuals observe an action done by others, a set of neurons that code that action are activated in the motor system. Since the observers are aware of the outcome of their motor acts, they also understand what the others are doing without the necessity of an intermediate cognitive mediation. In my talk, I will describe first some new discoveries on the mirror mechanism in the monkey. I will present then evidence that humans possess the mirror mechanism and that the anatomical location of parieto-frontal mirror networks of the monkeys and of humans closely coincide. Subsequently I will discuss the limits of the mirror mechanism in understanding others. I will stress that the mirror mechanism is, however, the only mechanism that allows a person to understand others’ actions “from the inside” giving the observing individual a “first-person” grasp of other individuals’ motor goals and intentions.
The manuscript printed below has been written by Prof Jerzy Konorski around 1970, a few years before his death in 1973. The manuscript has not been published before. It was recently discovered in Konorski's papers deposed in the Library of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology. In his critical review Konorski debates advantages and shortcomings of the physiological approach of Pavlov and purely behavioristic approaches advocated by Hull and Skinner. He supports close cooperation o behaviorists with neurophysiologists and neuroanatomists, with focus on the investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Konorski's ideas concerning the integration of the study of behavior and neurophysiology anticipated contemporary path of neuroscience. Indeed, his approach, which at that time appeared somewhat controversial, is universally accepted by contemporary neuroscientists. By contrast, physiological theories of higher mental functions formulated by Pavlov as well as deliberately anti-physiological approaches of Skinner and Hull have all but disappeared from serious scientific discourse. However, the same problems such as strongly promoted self-importance of some branches of neuroscience, the lack of inter-communication between different branches and resulting lack of integrating ideas appear to emerge anew in each new generation of scientists. (Editors of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis).
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