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Fast growing willow (Salix sp.) is grown on arable soils in Vistula river basin and it might be considered as an important source of renewable ecological fuel, especially in local scale. Yield of willow wood dry matter of six Salix viminalis forms grown on heavy alluvial soil amounted to 17.41 t · ha⁻¹ · year⁻¹, whereas Salix viminalis var. gigantea grown on moorsh soil yielded 15.62 t · haV · year⁻¹. Moisture content in willow wood varied ranging from 52 to 46% for one- and three-year shoots, respectively. Wood heating value amounted to 18.6 and 19.3 MJ · kg⁻¹, crude ash content 2.12% and 1.28%, for one and three-year shoots, respectively. Two high yielding and showing other beneficial features clones of Salix viminalis, namely 1047 and 1054, were selected. Mentioned forms, after trials focused on productivity, might be in close future recommended for growing on willow plantations. To answer an essential question - will the investment in innovative production of willow be profitable? - the energy balance and economic analysis seem to be necessary.
According to some prognoses the renewable energy sources (including biomass from agricultural land) will play an important role on energy market in the second decade of 21st century. On the basis of achievements in other countries it may be concluded that also in Warmia and Mazury region some activities should be undertaken to introduce new agricultural policy oriented towards promotion of growing of non-food crops i.e. for industrial or energy production purposes which could be considered as the supplementary crops. Results of preliminary studies carried out at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn are very promising because some selected willow clones at application of intensive growing methods gave the yield ranging from 11.0 to 26.0 t · ha⁻¹ • year⁻¹ of wood dry matter. It was found that the efficiency of willow growing in terms of energy output might be 10 times high er as comparing to growing of winter oil rape. Some studies concentrated on gasifying of willow biomass were carried out. Thermo-generator of 2.5 MW was constructed, where low caloric gas supplies the set of bumers which are capable to heat 100 family houses. It is predicted that in 2010 this low caloric gas generated from willow biomass (with high content of carbon oxide) will be utilized on industrial scale to methanol synthesis and in ceramic cells to production of electricity and heat. Join efforts of local authorities, scientists and mass media are necessary to implement the new solution of biomass utilization for energy purposes and other market products what finally should generate substantial progress in agriculture, environmental protection and enable to help in solving important social problem on rural areas.
The prospects for growing coppice form willows on arable land for drugs, including natural aspirin, are quite real. Salix purpurea and S. daphnoides seems to be very suitable for these purposes. Bark of mentioned willow species contains 10% of saliciline glucosides (salicilin, salicorthin, salirepsoide) of proven pharmacological efficacy. Salix sp. bark of high tannins content is a potential raw material for chemical industry. The recovery of fiber from willow bark may range within 19-57%. Partial substitution of synthetic or mineral fiber with the fiber from willow bast in formation of some textures for variety of industrial purposes is also possible.
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