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In view of expanding cultivation of cereal mixtures, the study was conducted to examine the effects of organic (ORG) vs conventional (CON) farming on fungal contamination, concentrations of phenolic acids (PA) and metals in mixtures of cereals grown in northern and central regions of Poland. The analyses were performed on 10 ORG and 8 CON bulk samples of oat, wheat and barley mixtures, each one comprised samples taken from 4 – 5 farms. Fungal contamination was assessed as the concentration of ergosterol (ERG) and mycotoxins from trichothecene (TR) group, whereas the quantification of fungal species and TR genotypes was performed using TaqMan assay. Mean ERG content in grain produced in both systems was similar, although a markedly greater variation was recorded in ORG grain. Total TR mycotoxins concentration was, in both CON and ORG samples, low and comparable, however concentration of deoxynivalenol was considerably greater whereas that of 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) and 15-AcDON and nivalenol were lower in ORG samples. Molecular analysis showed that the dominant fungi were Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum. The Tri5 gene, a precursor of TR formation, was detected in significantly greater relative amounts in ORG samples. The ORG cereal mixtures contained greater total amounts of PA and, in particular, of gallic, p-cumaric and ferulic acids. Concentrations of Cd, Cu and Mg did not differ between the ORG and CON cereals, whereas concentrations of Fe, Se and Zn were greater in CON, and those of Mn and Pb in ORG mixtures. The potentially hazardous substances were present in the samples of both CON and ORG cereal mixtures in concentrations which do not compromise the health of farm animals.
Introduction. This paper constitutes a supplementary study of the research conducted to assess accumulation efficiency of selected trace elements by Xerocomus badius fruiting bodies picked in some regions of Poland in selected years. Material and methods. Atomic absorption/emission spectrometry techniques (FAAS and AES) were applied to determine in the fruiting bodies of this mushroom species the total contents of Ca, K, Mg and Na, as well as Al as a metal capable of entering into easy interactions with nutritional elements and inhibiting their proper action in the human organism. Results. The highest concentrations of Al, K and Mg were determined in mushroom fruiting bodies collected in the Lower Silesia Voivodeship, amounting to 28.08 ±5.81 mgkg'1 d.w., 2.39 ±0.21 gkg'1 d.w. and 372.31 ±90.55 mg kg'1 d.w., respectively. On the other hand, the highest concentrations of Ca (78.08 ±24.64 mg kg'1 d.w.) were recorded in mushrooms from the Łódź Voivodeship, while the highest concentrations of Na (77.03 ±20.46 mg kg'1 d.w.) - in those from the Pomeranian Voivodeship were observed. In general, BCF > 1 was found only for K accumulation. Conclusion. Concentrations of nutritional elements determined in this study revealed that the consumption of X. badius fruiting bodies supplied only smali quantities of these constituents in comparison with the amounts consumed in other produets. The detected Al concentrations showed that fruiting bodies of this mushroom species consumed in Poland during the past 20 years could not lead to health problems caused by the presence of this metal.
Introduction. As regards a significant intake of wild growing edible mushrooms, especially in East and Central Europe, concentrations of toxic elements should be periodically analysed. The aim of the study was to assess changes in concentrations of selected trace elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) in a mushroom species, Xerocomus badius. Material and methods.Xerocomus badius fruiting bodies were collected from five regions of Poland within the last 20 years (selected years when these mushrooms were growing). Flame atomie absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for determination of 10 elements while for Hg cold vapour atomie absorption spec- trometry (CVAAS) was used. Results. Generally the results show no significant differences in the accumulation efficiency of individual elements by mushrooms collected from different regions of Poland, but significant differences were observed in the accumulation efficiency of these elements by mushrooms collected in particular years of their harvest. The highest accumulation indicated by bioconcentration factors (BCFs) was observed for Cu (10.03), Hg (148.15) and Zn (4.88). Conclusion. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn in the tested mushrooms were found to be lower than the values of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA), therefore the levels of these elements are not toxic for people. In our opinion, occasional consumption of these mushroom fruiting bodies within the last 20 years in Poland did not provide significant amounts of analysed trace elements (no more than other foods).
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