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The aim of this article is to diagnose the role of a symbolic value of protected space of Babia Góra National Park in a structure of motivation of visitors coming to this park and to determine social needs for the tourism infrastructure development. The important role of national park at the local tourist reception system was indicated. The symbolic value of the protected space is one of the important factors attracting tourist traffic into the Babia Góra region. From the tourist motivation perspective, protected space does not constitute a barrier to tourism development of the villages located in surrounding area of the park. There is a feedback in the local tourist reception system between the protected space value and the development and functioning of the local tourist base. Using cluster analysis (k-means) five categories (groups) of visitors were identified, representing similar tourism motivations, values and needs for tourism development. Given the analyses, the following conclusions may be formulated: - The protected area of Babia Góra National Park is a factor determining, directly and indirectly, the existing model of local tourism development. - Taking into account the needs and values declared by visitors, the presence of the National Park is not an obstacle for the tourist development of the surrounding areas. - The tourist facilities now available in the area surrounding the Park are insufficient for the visitors' needs. -An increase of Babia Góra National Park's impact on the local economy requires a more intensive development of tourist facilities in the communes surrounding the Park. - The generally low visitors' awareness of the area's cultural values should be an indication for the local authorities and cultural institutions of the need to launch specific information and promotion efforts to efficiently incorporate the local cultural values in the chain of benefits from inbound tourism for the local community.
 Cervical carcinogenesis is a complex problem with papillomavirus widely accepted as a causative agent. Integration of a human papillomavirus (HPV) of the high-risk type into the host cell genome is one of the major contributing factors to cervical malignant transformation. In this study, the correlation of CMV, EBV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HHV-6 and HHV-7 infections with the physical status of the HPV genome in cervical cancer and precancerous cervical lesions was investigated in sixty HPV-16-positive women. Cervical secretion samples were submitted to DNA extraction and analyzed by PCR. HPV-16 DNA was confirmed in genotyping with the reverse hybridization line probe assay. Multiplex PCR with specific primers for the E2/E6 genes was used to assess the viral integration status of HPV-16. Our results show that CMV DNA was more frequently present in samples with mixed forms of HPV-16 than in the episomal form (P < 0.025). Such a correlation was also observed in the case of EBV (P < 0.005). The presence of CMV resulted in a six-fold (OR 6.069; 95% CI 1.91-19.22; P = 0.002), while EBV caused a seven-fold (OR 7.11; 95% CI 1.70-29.67; P = 0.007) increase in the risk of the integrated or mixed HPV-16 genome occurrence. Our data suggest that coinfection with herpesviruses, especially CMV and EBV, may be involved in the integration of the HPV-16 genome and may contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely accepted as a causative agent of cervical cancer. The distribution and prevalence of HPV types depend on geographic region and demographic factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of various HPV types and the outcome of cytological examination. Cervical smears were obtained from 125 women from southern Poland: low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) — 44, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) — 12, cervical carcinoma — 27 and 42 women without abnormality in cytology as a control group. DNA was extracted from the smears and broad-spectrum HPV DNA amplification and genotyping was performed with the SPF 10 primer set and reverse hybridisation line probe assay (INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping, Innogenetics). HPV DNA was detected in approximately 72% cases, more frequently in women with squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical carcinoma than in the control group (P <0.0005). The most frequent type found was HPV 16 (37%), followed by HPV 51 (28%) and HPV 52 (17%). A single HPV type was detected in 51% positive cases, more frequently in cervical cancer specimens. Multiple HPV infection was dominant in women with LSIL and normal cytology. Prevalence of HPV 16 increased with the severity of cervical smear abnormality. For women HPV 16 positive, the relative risk (odds ratio) of the occurrence of HSIL and cervical cancer versus LSIL was 14.4 (95% CI, 3.0–69.2; P=0.001) and 49.4 (95% CI, 6.5–372.8; P<0.001), respectively. Genotyping of HPV will allow better classification of women with cervical abnormalities into different risk groups and could be useful in therapy.
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