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Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from 1/4–2 year-old seedlings of Silver fir, European larch, Scots pine and only sporadically from Norway spruce with symptoms of stem and root rot and yellowing and browning of needles. The species occurred on at least half of analysed, diseased plants. In laboratory trials the species colonised all parts of seedlings of Silver fir, European larch, Scots pine, Norway spruce and also Common alder and birch. On inoculated leaves of alder and birch necrosis spread about twice quicker than on needles of coniferous plants. Isolates from Norway spruce and Scots pine colonised plant parts quicker than from Silver fir and European larch. In greenhouse trial all isolates caused necrosis of 4 coniferous species and alder seedlings.
Described by many authors, valves refer to the coronary sinus. The best known among them are Thebesius and Vieussen valves. Information about valves in the lumen of the coronary sinus, though, is rarely found in anatomic literature. Frequency of occurrence of valves in the lumen of the coronary sinus and the degree of their formation was chartered in this paper. 150 adult human hearts of both sexes from 18 to 85 years of age were tested, fixed in a formalin/ethanol solution. Classical macroscopic anatomical methods were used. The valves in the sinus lumen were observed in 10% of the tested hearts, usually presented as incomplete single ones (7.3%).
The frequency of occurrence and topography of the outfow portions of the posterior veins of the left ventricle were observed. One hundred fifty adult human hearts of both sexes from l8 to 85 years of age fixed in a formalin/ethanol solution were examined. Classical macroscopic anatomical examination methods were used. The posterior veins of the left ventricle were always present in the examined heart material, but occurred in varying number (l -4). The outfow portions of these veins were characterized by significant variation with regards to position as well as angle of its outfow.
The Vieussen valve is situated at the ostium of the great cardiac vein to the coronary sinus. There are no details about its shape in anatomic literature. The tested material consisted of 150 adult human hearts of both sexes from 18 to 85 years of age, fixed in a formalin/ethanol solution. Classical macroscopic anatomical methods were used. The Vieussen valve was found in about 65% of the tested material. It showed a large variability in terms of morphology.
Septal papillary muscles, similarly to other papillary muscles, are essential elements of the heart valvular system. Damage to their structure may lead to a considerable life risk. Of all the papillary muscles, the septal papillary muscles are characterized by the greatest topographical and morphological variability. However, information about these muscles is scarce and fragmentary. The objective of this study was to ascertain their occurrence and the region in which they are placed in the inter-ventricular septum. One hundred and eleven human hearts were examined. The hearts belonged to the Clinical Anatomy Department of the Medical University of Gdańsk. They were fixed in formalin with ethanol and came from middle-aged and older individuals of both sexes, devoid of pathological changes and birth defects. During the tests, classic anatomical methods were applied. The region where the papillary muscles are found covers a sizeable surface of the septum, from the conus arteriosus up to the back angle of the right chamber. Depending on their location the following septal papillary muscles (musculi papillares septales, MPS) were singled out: 1) lying on the front wall of the septum (anterior papillares septales), 2) in the central part of the septum (central muscles), and 3) in the posterior section of the septum (posterior papillares septales). A trial to determine the types of MPS was based on this diversity of location. Consequently, five types of MPS were specified: type I: anterior–central (44.1%); type II: anterior (15.3%); type III: anterior–posterior (13.5%); type IV: anterior–central–posterior (24.3%); and type V: uniform (2.75%). This study is an attempt to systematize and standardize the terminology of these structures. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 2: 101–106)
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