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The distribution and duration of snow cover are important variables that affect ecosystem processes in the alpine zone. The establishment of ski resorts dramatically change their surrounding environment and ski slopes represent significant anthropogenic impact in the mountains. We assessed the changes in environmental factors, phenology, growth, and reproductive performance of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), a dominant species of alpine heathlands, caused by a “nature-friendly” managed ski slope (i.e., without artificial snow and machine grading) at permanent plots established on the ski slope under operations (inside the ski slope) and on an unaffected control area (outside the ski slope). A lower mean temperature and a shorter time of great temperature fluctuation during snow melting, a longer time span of snow cover, and a higher snow water equivalent were observed inside the ski slope compared to outside it. Due to changed environmental conditions, the beginning of growth was postponed, and a delay in phenological development was observed in the bilberry at the ski slope. However, bilberry ripened both inside and outside the ski slope in a similar period and showed similar cover and even higher flower and fruit densities inside the ski slope compared with natural surroundings. The persistence of bilberry was not deteriorated and its performance was even better inside the ski slope. On the ski slope, managed snow cover can reduce the potential vegetation shifts due to expected impact of the climate warming. That should be taken into account in conservation and management planning.
Topsoil properties were studied in a ski slope at Petrovy kameny, Hruby Jesenik Mts. Effect of skiing was combined with a complex slope gradient, which comprised effects of vegetation type and soil horizons. Soil sorption complex and humification properties were expected to reflect both factors. Cation exchange capacity and to some degree saturation of adsorption complex were systematically lowered due to ski slope, and they were influenced also by vegetation type. C:N reflected vegetation type, but it reflected skiing only indirectly. The slope gradient significantly affected the soil sorption complex, yet contrary to our expectations. Several possible interpretations include species traits (litter decomposability, nutrient uptake) and patterns of topsoil horizon types, which can be associated to the history of the upper treeline.
Carbohydrate concentration changes in below-ground biomass of subalpine tall grasslands with Calamagrostis villosa (Chaix) J.F. Gmelin were monitored during one year on the slope of Petrovy kameny Mt. (Hruby Jesenik Mts., Czech Republic). Stands of the community with natural snow conditions were compared with stands on a ski piste. Soil temperature development and snow melting times were also observed in the territory concerned. The difference was stated between mean annual temperature on control stands (4.21oC) and ski piste (3.95oC) in the upper 5 cm of soil. At the average, snow melted on the ski piste two weeks later than that on the natural stands. The natural stands and the stands on the ski piste differ significantly from each other in terms of development of carbohydrate accumulation in the below-ground biomass. Consumption of reserve carbohydrates by the plants at both the ski piste and in the natural stands was nearly similar during the winter. At the beginning of the growing season (July), significant difference in carbohydrate concentration in below-ground organs between stands on the ski piste and natural stands was observed. It was caused by late melting of the snow cover and subsequent delay of the phenologic development and assimilation of the vegetation in the ski piste. Later in season (August, October), the differences in carbohydrate concentration between stands at the ski piste and natural stands disappeared. The mean annual amount of carbohydrates in the upper (0–5cm) and lower (5–10 cm) soil horizons in natural stands and ski piste stands do not differ fundamentally, except for the significant difference in July. The results obtained are discussed in view of abiotic environmental conditions, the plant physiology and strategy of the dominant species.
The effects of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and bombesin on the DNA synthesis, as a biochemical indicator of trophic action in the gastroduodenal mucosa and the pancreas, have been examined in rats fasted for 48 h and in rats refed for 16 h with or without administration of specific receptor antagonists for bombesin, gastrin and CCK. Bombesin and gastrin administered three times daily for 48 h in fasted rats significantly increased the rate of DNA synthesis as measured by the incorporation of [³H] thymidine into DNA in each tissue tested. CCK significantly increased DNA synthesis in the duodenal mucosa and pancreatic tissue, but not in the gastric mucosa. The stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by bombesin in the gastroduodenal mucosa and pancreas was abolished by bombesin/GRP receptor antagonist, RC-3095. RC-3095 did not affect DNA synthesis stimulated by gastrin and CCK in these tissues. L-365,260, a receptor antagonist for gastrin suppressed the DNA synthesis induced by gastrin but not by CCK or bombesin in the gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas. L-364,718, a specific antagonist for CCK receptors was effective only against CCK stimulated duodenal mucosa and pancreatic growth. Refeeding of 48 h fasting rats strongly enhanced the DNA synthesis in all tissues tested, and this effect was significantly reduced in the gastroduodenal mucosa by blocking only gastrin receptors (with L-365, 260) and that in the duodenal mucosa and the pancreas by antagonizing of CCK receptors (with L-364, 718). Antagonism of bombesin receptors (with RC-3095) did not significantly affect the stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by refeeding in all tissues tested. This study indicates that the stimulation of DNA synthesis can be achieved by exogenous gastrin, CCK and bombesin acting through separate receptors, but that only gastrin and CCK play the major role in the postprandial stimulation of the growth of gastroduodenal mucosa and pancreatic tissue.
Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis was studied in rats. Consistent with this type of acute pancreatitis morphological (edema, leukocytic infiltration and acinar cell vaculization) and biochemical (increase in pancreatic protein content, PAF release and serum amylase) changes developed 5 hours after caerulein administration. In addition increase in pancreatic weight and decrease in pancreatic blood flow were noticed. PAF administration caused pancreatic damage similar in some parameters to caerulein-induced pancreatitis, along with reduction of pancreatic blood flow, increase in pancreatic protein content, and serum amylase. TCV-309, a selective PAF antagonist, administered prior to caerulein and/or PAF, reduced caerulein-induced pancreatitis and prevented PAF-induced pancreatitis. Results of our present studies indicate the crucial role of PAF in pathogenesis of experimental acute pancreatitis.
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