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Methylation of RNA and proteins is one of a broad spectrum of post-trans- criptional/translational mechanisms of gene expression regulation. Its functional signification is only beginning to be understood. A sensitive capillary electrophoresis mobility shift assay (CEMSA) for qualitative study of the methylation effect on biomolecules interaction is presented. Two RNA-peptide systems were chosen for the study. The first one consists of a 17-nucleotide analogue (+27-+43) of the yeast tRNA Phe anticodon stem and loop domain (ASL Phe) containing three of the five natu­rally occurring modifications (2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm32), 2'-O-methylguanine (Gm34) and 5-methylcytidine (m5 C40)) (ASL Phe -Cm32,Gm34,m5 C40) and a 15-amino-acid peptide (named tF 2: Ser1 -Ile-Ser-Pro-Trp5 -Gly-Phe-Ser-Gly-Leu10 -Leu- Arg-Trp-Ser-Tyr15 ) selected from a random phage display library (RPL). A pep- tide-concentration-dependent formation of an RNA-peptide complex was clearly ob­servable by CEMSA. In the presence of the peptide the capillary electrophoresis (CE) peak for triply methylated ASL Phe shifted from 18.16 to 20.90 min. Formation of the complex was not observed when an unmethylated version of ASL Phe was used. The second system studied consisted of the (+18)-(+44) fragment of the trans-activation response element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (TAR RNA HIV-1) and a 9-amino-acid peptide of the trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat HIV-1) Tat(49–57)-NH2 (named Tat1: Arg49-Lys-Lys-Arg52-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg- Arg57-NH2). In the presence of Tat(49–57)-NH2 a significant shift of migration time of TAR from 18.66 min to 20.12 min was observed. Methylation of a residue Arg52->Arg(Me)2, crucial for TAR binding, strongly disrupted formation of the complex. Only at a high micromolar peptide concentration a poorly shaped, broad peak of the complex was observed. CE was found to be an efficient and sensitive method for the analysis of methylation effects on interaction of biomolecules.
Several chimeric peptides consisting of the N-terminal fragment of galanin (GAL) and C-terminal fragments of other bioactive peptides (e.g. substance P, bradykinin, neuropeptide Y, mastoparan) have been synthesized and reported as high-affinity galanin receptor antagonists. Recently we have synthesized a new chimeric peptide, GAL(1-13)-[Ala10,11]ET-1(6-21)-NH2, consisting of the N-terminal fragment of GAL and the C-terminal fragment of endothelin-1 (ET-1) analogue. This chimera was previously shown to be a moderate-affinity ligand to hypothalamic galanin receptors with a KD value of 205 nM. However, its biological action has been unknown so far. In our studies we characterized the biological properties of this new chimeric analogue, investigating its action on rat isolated gastric smooth muscles and influence on insulin secretion from rat isolated islets of Langerhans. Data acquired in the course of our studies suggest that analogue GAL(1-13)-[Ala10,11]ET-1(6-21)-NH2 does not seem to be a potent galanin receptor antagonist in the gastrointestinal tract.
Galanin (GAL) is a 29-amino-acid residue peptide originally isolated from porcine upper small intestine. GAL exhibits various physiological activities, such as effects on hormones release, smooth muscles contractions, gastric acid secretion, neurons degeneration and feeding. One of the biological actions of GAL is the inhibition of insulin secretion from the pancreatic ß-cells. In our studies we have designed several new 15-amino-acid-residue galanin fragment analogues modified in positions: 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and tested for their effects on glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In vitro insulin secretion was studied during static incubation. All peptides were tested at two concentrations: 0.1 µM and 1 µM. Among the analogues derived from GAL(1-15)NH2 peptide: [Phe9]GAL(1-15)NH2 and [Pro11]GAL(1-15)NH2 were found to be the potent antagonists against the inhibitory effect of GAL on glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated rat pancreas. These analogues block the GAL-mediated inhibition of insulin secretion. The present studies have shown that analogues: [Phe9]GAL(1-15)NH2 and [Pro11]GAL(1-15)NH2 may be a key compounds for developing a more potent GAL antagonists.
New data are presented on the interaction of model synthetic peptides con­taining an arginine-rich region of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-Tat), with native RNA molecules: tRNA Phe of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 5S rRNA from Lupinas luteus. Both RNA species form complexes with the Tatl (GRKKRRQRRRA) and Tat2 (GRKKRRQRRRAPQDSQTHQASLSKQPA) pep- tides, as shown by electrophoretic gel shift and RNase footprint assays, and CD measurements. The nucleotide sequence UGGG located in the dihydrouridine loop of tRNA Phe as well as in the loop D of 5S rRNA is specifically protected against RNases. Our data indicate direct interactions of guanine of RNA moie­ties with argininc residues. These interactions seem similar to those observed in DNA-protein complexes, but different from those previously observed in the TAR RNA-Tat complexes.
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