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The effect of fructose, glucose, maltose and sucrose at various concentrations on Brassica napus embryos was studied. The morphogenetic reaction depended on the type and concentration of sugar in the medium. The frequency of developing embryos was highest on sucrose, followed by maltose and glucose. Fructose did not stimulate embryo growth. Spectrophotometry of autoclaved fructose showed an absorbance rise between 260-320 nm that could correspond to the formation of furfural derivatives. Autoclaving-induced toxicity probably inhibited embryo growth; heart-shaped stage embryos developed on filter-sterilized fructose. The frequency of developing embryos increased with sugar concentration, but normal embryogenesis occurred only on 1% sucrose and maltose; at higher concentrations callus and/or shoots were formed. On media with 6% sucrose and 12% maltose, shoots and somatic embryos were produced.
The effect of different durations of exposure to 2,4-D on hypocotyls and cotyledons cultured in vitro was studied in Brassica napus L. cv. Kana. Organogenesis or callogenesis depended on the duration of explant exposure to MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/1 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Short treatment (1 and 3 days) with 2,4-D resulted in rhizogenesis on hypocotyls (100% and 98% of explants, respectively) and cotyledons (80% and 54% of explants, respectively). Adventitious shoots formed sporadically, with the highest frequency (14% of explants) on hypocotyls cultured 3 days on MS supplemented with 2,4-D and then transferred to hormone-free medium. Histological analysis clearly indicated that the basal part of hypocotyls is involved in root formation and callus production, and the apical part for shoots. Meristematic sites originated from groups of cells in the cortex layer (including cells of the endoderm), but the procambium, phloem and pericycle also showed meristematic activity. The present study indicated that the response of explants cultured on media containing 2,4-D at constant concentration depends on the duration of explant exposure to growth regulator.
Regeneration in endosperm-derived callus of Actinidla deliciosa cv. Hayward was documented by SEM combined with histology. Two kinds of callus, morphogenic and nonmorphogenic, were observed. Morphogenic callus consisted of compact cell clusters with epidermis-like tissue covered with a mucilaginous or continuous membranous layer, which partially disappeared, turned into fibrils, or became damaged. Regenerating shoots consisted of the apex and primordial leaves. Abnormal structures were also formed, frequently arrested in development. PAS reactions indicated that the mucilaginous layer and network present in intercellular spaces contains polysaccharides. Nonmorphogenic callus consisted of weakly attached cells without a covering membranous layer.
The effect of four sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose) used as carbon source in liquid medium on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was studied. Little is known about how different soluble sugars used in plant tissue culture can affect SOD. an antioxidant enzyme involved in regulating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. In extracts of 15-day-old cotyledons and hypocotyls of Trifolium repens, four SOD forms were detected by native PAGE and activity staining: MnSOD, FeSOD, Cu/ZnSOD I and Cu/ZnSOD II. Activity of FeSOD and Cu/ZnSOD II was significantly lower in cotyledons cultured on media supplied with different carbohydrates than in control cotyledons cultured on medium without sugars, or was absent altogether. FeSOD was absent in hypocotyls obtained from seedlings grown on sterile filter paper (SFP); those cultured on sucrose-supplemented medium showed weak FeSOD activity. FeSOD appeared to be the most labile SOD form in T. repens cotyledons. MnSOD activity was highest in cotyledons cultured on sucrose-, fructose- and maltose-based media. Cu/ZnSOD I activity was highest in cotyledons cultured on medium with glucose and fructose. Sucrose strongly inhibited both FeSOD and Cu/ZnSOD II activity. The results indicated that various carbohydrates affect the activity of SOD forms in T. repens cotyledons. The decrease in activity of FeSOD and Cu/ZnSOD II, putatively located in chloroplasts, might suggest an inhibitory effect of some carbohydrates on photosynthesis in cotyledons of T. repens. On the other hand, supply of sucrose, fructose and maltose increased the activity of the putative mitochondrial form of MnSOD. This result might indicate sugar-induced production of ROS during respiration in mitochondria.
An efficient procedure for shoot regeneration was obtained by endosperm culture in Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward. Mature endosperm cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and 5 mg/l kinetin developed callus with 80% efficiency. Callus was transferred on MS medium containing different plant growth regulators (2,4-D, TDZ, IAA, NAA, BAP, kinetin, 2iP) for regeneration. There were significant differences in regeneration response between medium supplemented with TDZ and medium with other hormones. Only medium containing TDZ stimulated shoot induction. The highest efficiency of shoot regeneration (avg. 6.2 shoots per culture) was on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l TDZ. The ploidy of callus and organs formed in endosperm culture was examined by flow cytometry. The results, peaks corresponding to 3C DNA amounts, confirmed the endospermal origin of callus, roots and shoots. Aneuploid and polyploid cells were found in endosperm-derived callus and regenerated organs.
Helianthus tuberosus is economically important species. To improve characters of this energetic plant via genetic modification, production of callus tissue and plant regeneration are the first steps. A new, potentially energetic cultivar Albik was used in this study to test callus induction and regeneration. Callus was produced on leaves, petioles, apical meristems and stems from field-harvested plants but was totally non-morphogenic. Its induction started in the cortex and vascular bundles as confirmed by histological analysis. The surface of heterogeneous callus was partially covered with a membranous extracellular matrix surface network visible in scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The results clearly indicate that: (i) the morphogenic capacity of callus in topinambur is genotype dependent, (ii) cv. Albik of H. tuberosus proved recalcitrant in in vitro regeneration, and (iii) extracellular matrix surface network is not a morphogenic marker in this cultivar.
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