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Проводились морфологические исследования величины и устойчивости изменений происходящих в строении поверхностиной части пахотного слоя (0-8 см) лессовой и рендзиновой почвы под влиянием плуга и ратационной почвофрезы. Непосредственно после проведения агротехнических мероприятий пахотный слой приобрел комковатую структуру, более гомогенную после обработки ротационной почнофрезой, чем после вспашки. Через три недели в строении пахотного слоя лессовой и рендзиновой почвы произвошли значительные изменения: лессовая почва оседая подверглась сгущению, комки образованные в процессе обработки исчезли, а лишь рендзина удерживала, особенно в слое 0-4 см, комковатую структуру.
The research was carried out in the years 1994 - 1995 in the apple orchard, growing on brown earth, of a grey-brown type (Orthic Luvisol), derived from silt formations, non-uniform on chalk marl. The orchard has been the object of fertilizing experiments of the Fruit-Growing Department of the Academy of Agriculture in Lublin. The following objects were selected for the analysis: AH - fertilization with the dose of 525 kg of NPK ha⁻¹, herbicide fallow strip; AM - fertilization with the dose of 525 kg of NPK ha⁻¹; KH - control, without mineral fertilization, herbicide fallow strip; KM - control, without mineral fertilization, grass strip. High mineral fertilization increased the acidification of soil in comparison to non-fertilized plots. The highest decrease in pH was noted at the fertilization onto herbicide fallow strips. The highest decrease in soil pH resulted in the strong depression of the biochemical activity i. e. dyhydrogenases. phosphatases and urease activities of the soil in that combination.
The numerous passages of tractors and agricultural machines over the field soil on cultivation, growing season and harvesting cause considerable and multiple compaction of soil. The measurements taken in 20 State Farms show that in the production of cereals field area is compacted up to 2.5 times under wheeled machinery, in case of fodder - 3 times was reported, root crops - 5 times and in particular cases even up to 8 times coverage was noted. It was observed that almost half of total field traffic over the field takes place on harvesting. Thus the technology of yield should include a question of passes limitations at the same time reducing field area covered by wheeled machinery and agricultural tools ruts.
Investigations of the cultivated field climate and its complex evaluation require determining soil conditions in which the above research is based on. The maintenance of soil retention capacity, water filtration rate, gas exchange between atmospheric and soil air, and soil temperature dynamics are considerably conditioned by the physical state of the soil and its properties. The object selected for the study is located in the field of the agrometeorological observatory at Felin, near Lublin on brown earth, of a grey-brown type (Orthic Luvisol), derived from silt formations, non-uniform on chalk marl. Granulometric composition of the soil classifies it within loamy silt formations. Soil contains a medium amount of organic carbon (980 mg/100 g of soil) in the arable layer. The soil reaction is acid (pH 4.85), and the saturation of sorption complex with basic cations is higher then 50 %. Compaction of the plough-humus layer reaches on average 1.39 g/cm⁻³, and total porosity exceeds 45 % v/v. Field water capacity is higher than 26 %, w/w, while field air capacity is 7.9 % v/v. Wilting point of plants corresponds to water capacity at pF 4.2 and accounts for 5.8 % w/w on the average. The content of water-stable aggregates, valuable from the agronomic point of view, i.e., bigger than 1 mm in diameter exceeds 22 % w/w. The soil analyses did not show any signs of gleying or other unfavourable signs limiting the possibility of cultivation of basic plant species.
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