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A total of 123 Trichoderma strains were isolated from different habitats and tested for their ability to degrade cellulose and xylan by simple plate screening method. Among strains, more than 34 and 45% respectively, exhibited higher cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity, compared to the reference strain T. reesei QM 9414. For strains efficiently degrading cellulose, a highest enzyme activity was confirmed using filter paper test, and it resulted in a range from 1.01 to 7.15 FPU/ml. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, the isolates were identified as Trichoderma. The most frequently identified strains belonged to Trichoderma harzianum species. Among all strains, the most effective in degradation of cellulose and xylose was T. harzianum and T. virens, especially those isolated from forest wood, forest soil or garden and mushroom compost. The results of this work confirmed that numerous strains from the Trichoderma species have high cellulose and xylan degradation potential and could be useful for lignocellulose biomass conversion e.g. for biofuel production.
The aim of the present study was to detect candidate DNA markers for selected leaf rust resistance genes. A total number of 286 loci in the 'Thatcher' near-isogenic lines carrying resistance gene Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr13, Lr19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26, Lr28, Lr35, and Lr37 were screened for DNA polymorphism by the PstIAFLP method. A survey with 33 selective primers yielded 16 candidate markers. Further validation studies on cultivars characterized for the presence and absence of selected resistance genes confirmed specificity of markers for Lr24, Lr26 and Lr37. The AFLP-based marker P42-530 was successfully converted into an STS marker. The new marker was linked with the Lr37-specific marker (CslVrga13) at the distance of 1.7 cM. The PstIAFLP method was found to be effective in the identification of DNA changes induced in hexaploid wheat by translocations from Agropyron elongatum, Secale cereale and Aegilops ventricosa.
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are a very large group of microorganisms that play a significant role in the environment. They use a variety of mechanisms to colonise various ecological niches. Several Trichoderma spp. positively affect plants by stimulating plant growth, and protecting plants from fungal and bacterial pathogens. They are used in biological plant protection as biofungicides as well as in bioremediation. Members of the genus Trichoderma are also utilised in various industry branches – mainly in the production of enzymes, antibiotics, and other metabolites, but also of biofuel. Moreover, the genus Trichoderma comprises edible and medicinal mushrooms, but also the pathogens of humans. Currently, Trichoderma has entered the genomic era and parts of genome sequences are publicly available. This is why, Trichoderma fungi have the potential to be used for human needs to an even greater extent than before. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to increase the efficiency and safety of the application of these fungi.
Green moulds of Trichoderma genus cause high losses in oyster mushroom cultivations in many countries. Recently two new species i.e. T. pleurotum and T. pleuroticola have been identified. In the experiment yielding levels of Pleurotus ostreatus growing on substrates infected with Trichoderma isolates were investigated. The following Trichoderma isolates were used: T. pleurotum designated as KWK/17 and T. pleuroticola designated as KMS/21 as well as three wild strains and one cultivated strain of P. ostreatus. It was found that the substrate infections with T. pleurotum and T. pleuroticola isolates caused significant yield reductions of the examined strains of oyster mushrooms. The infection with the T. pleuroticola KMS/21 isolate caused a significantly higher yield drops than the infection with the T. pleurotum KWK/17 isolate in comparison with yields recorded from uninfected substrates.
The impact of different isolates of three species of the Trichoderma genus on the development of wild strains of Coprinus comatus mycelium was investigated. Nine strains of C. comatus obtained from natural sites and one cultivated strain were used in the trail. The following Trichoderma isolates were used: T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. longibrachiatum and T. atroviride. It was found that isolates of T. aggressivum f. europaeum reduced the development of the C. comatus mycelium to a much greater degree than isolates of T. longibrachiatum and T. atroviride.
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