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The objective of the present study is to develop a mathematical model to predict the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on mean rooting (%) and mean root growth of northern highbush blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The best estimating equations for the rooting (%) and root growth are formulized as: RG = (5.672183) + [0.002851×(IBA)] - [2.0E⁻⁶ × (IBA)²] + (-0.27211× Cv. ) and R = (82.00649) + [0.030801×(IBA)] – [2,4E⁻⁵ ×(IBA)²] - [2.36218×(Cv.)] where RG is root growth, R is rooting, IBA is indole-3-butyric acid (ppm) and Cv. is cultivar. Cultivars are Ivanhoe [1], Jersey [2], Rekord [3], Northland [4], Berkeley [5] and Bluejay [6]. The numbers given in square brackets represent the blueberry cultivars for the equations. Multiple regression analysis was carried out until the least sum of squares (R²) was obtained. R² value 0.90 for rooting and 0.95 for root growth. Standard errors were found to be significant at the p < 0.001 level. The actual rooting differed to the blueberry cultivars and it was between 57.76 and 83.23% while estimated rooting percentage calculated by the produced mathematical model was between 59.04 and 83.80%.
There is an increasing interest in the commericalization of native fruits for food and medicinal extract utilization. This study was undertaken to determine the antioxidant and chemical properties of selected caucasian whortleberry from the native region of Northeastern Turkey. Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.), a close relative to cultivated blueberries, were harvested from various sites of Black sea region of Turkey and were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), anthocyanin (TA) contents, and their antioxidant capacity by FRAP and TEAC assays. Specific sugar and organic acid composition were also determined by the help of HPLC. ARC⁻¹, and ARC-6 displayed the highest TP contents (5780 and 5754 μg GAE g⁻¹ fw). The TA values were spectrophotometrically estimated and they were varied between 74.7 (ARC-6) and 194.4 (ARC-4) μg del-3-glu g⁻¹ fresh weight basis. ARC⁻¹ had the highest amount (19.5 and 23.4 μmol TE g⁻¹ fw) of antioxidant capacity for both TEAC and FRAP assays. Fructose and glucose were found to be predominant sugars in all genotypes analyzed. The concentrations of fructose and glucose were averaged at 45.1 and 41.2 g kg⁻¹ fw respectively. The organic acid distribution of berries was dominated by citric acid (mean of 9.85 g kg⁻¹ fw). These results may provide evidence that Caucasian whortleberry has strong antioxidant capacity. Also, results of this study may be used for utilization of selected genotypes in the breeding studies of close relative vaccinium plants.
This paper studies, the removal of acid fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions using zeolite natural material after its modification with laccase from Russulaceae (Lactarius volemus). Batch adsorption experiments were performed as a function of pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. The optimum results were obtained at pH 5, contact time of 60 min, temperature of 60ºC, and an adsorbent dosage of 1.5 mg/mL. The isotherm studies show that the adsorption experimental data are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacity found is 31 mg/g. The kinetics of AFD adsorption on LMZ is best described with the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Thermodynamic parameters including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes indicate that the adsorption of Acid Fuchsin dye onto laccase-modified zeolite is feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic. The results show that laccase-modified zeolite can be used as an alternative lowcost adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions.
Anomalies of the brachial plexus have previously been described in the literature. The coracobrachialis muscle is typically innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. During a gross anatomy dissection we found that the coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a branch from the lateral root of the median nerve. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the peripheral nervous system is important in interpreting unusual clinical presentations. This report will assist clinicians and surgeons by pointing out anatomical anomalies associated with the musculocutaneous nerve, the median nerve and their branches to the anterior compartment muscles of the upper arm.
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