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In this paper the environmental protection levels of 30 Chinese provinces are evaluated using grey relation degree analysis. The research period is from 2004 to 2011. An indicator system was built and it includes 10 indicators from 3 points of view: waste discharge, environmental remediation, and resource utilization. Evaluation has been done on both integrated and separate analysis according to 3 kinds of indicators. Result shows that there is a big difference in environmental protection levels among different provinces. The provincial Grey relation degree varies between 0.5 and 0.9. Environmental protection levels have a close relationship with economic growth. Provinces with higher GDP per capita usually have higher environmental protect level and vice versa. The environmental protection level of each province changes litter among different years. Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin do better in waste discharge while Qinghai, Ningxia, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia have more waste discharge. Provinces that do better in environmental rehabilitation change a lot during the research period. Beijing and Tianjin do best in resource utilization, which indicates that the energy and water consumption in these two regions are much smaller than other provinces.
The objective of this article is to study the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and enhanced chlorophyll content, antioxidative enzymes and photosynthesis rate by foliar application of ALA. We evaluated three concentrations (control-distilled water, T1-50 mg l⁻¹, T2-150 mg l⁻¹, T3-250 mg l⁻¹) of ALA and seven cultivars, ‘‘Sanchidaye’’ (Sa-1), ‘‘Lichuandasuomian’’ (Li-1), ‘‘Aijiaohuang’’ (Ai-1), ‘‘Qingyou’’ No. 4 (Qi-1), ‘‘Aikang’’ No. 5 (Ak-1), ‘‘Hanxiao’’ (Ha-1) and ‘‘Shulv’’ (Sl⁻¹). ‘‘Ak-1’’ showed strongest response of POD (peroxidase) enzyme activity (0.4 U g⁻¹ min⁻¹) in 250 mg l⁻¹ ALA solution. The highest CAT (catalase) activity (0.8 U g⁻¹ min⁻¹) after administration of 250 mg l⁻¹ ALA was observed in ‘‘Li-1’’. Meanwhile, highest (1.42 mg l⁻¹) total chlorophyll content was also observed in ‘‘Ak-1’’, when leaves were treated in 50 mg l⁻¹ ALA, ‘‘Li-1’’ and ‘‘Ai-1’’ showed strongest response of specific activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in 50 mg l⁻¹ and 50 mg l⁻¹ ALA. Two hundred and fifty milligram per milliliter of ALA-treatment significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate.
This paper is concerned with sampled-data leader following consensus of multiple unmanned surface vehicle (MUSV) systems with random switching network topologies and wave-induced disturbance. By modelling the switching of network topologies with the use of a Markov process and considering the effect of wave-induced disturbance, a new sampled-data consensus control protocol is proposed. By employing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krosovskii function method and the weak infinitesimal operation, a novel stability criterion is derived, which ensures that the MUSV system can reach robustly leader-following consensus with H∞ performance satisfied. Based on this criterion, the Markov dependent switching consensus controller gains are obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for MUSV systems
Background. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural and anthropogenic compounds discharged into the environment known to disrupt the endocrine system of humans and animals by mimicking functions of steroids in vivo. Many important events occurring during early postembryonic development, in relation to the gene expression attracted our attention. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a sensitive and highly reproducible method for gene expression analysis, with gene expression levels quantified by normalization to reference gene. The aim of this study was to select the suitable reference gene after EDCs exposure and during early postembryonic development. Materials and Methods. For the study of the fish age effect, juveniles of Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu, 1983, were obtained at: 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, and 50 days post fertilization (dpf). For mRNA expression analysis of the juvenile fish after EDCs treatment, the juveniles at 31 dpf were exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) (10 nM) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (1 nM), respectively dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or solvent (0.001% DMSO, v/v) control group for 3 days. Cq values of the reference genes were obtained using qRT-PCR. The stability of these reference genes was analyzed by BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder software, respectively. The expression of each reference gene was calculated using the 2–ΔCq method. In parallel, the mRNA expressions of cyp19a1b were normalized by the single most/least stable reference gene and the combinations of top-ranked reference genes. Results. In this study, six candidate reference genes, actb, ef1a, gapdh, g6pd, tbp, and tuba1, were chosen to analyze their expression stability in relation to fish age and in the juvenile fish exposed to BPA and EE2. During early postembryonic development of Gobiocypris rarus, actb,ef1a, and gapdh were identified as the most stably expressed reference genes. In the juvenile fish exposed to BPA and EE2 for three days, gapdh, and actb were the most stable. However, g6pd and tuba1 were identified as the least stably expressed genes during the early postembryonic development and under BPA and EE2 exposure. Conclusion. The presently reported study suggested that the mRNA expressions of the reference genes could be affected by chemical exposure or different physiological periods. In addition, it was indicated that stable reference gene should be selected to normalize the target gene expression to assure the correctness and accuracy of the experiment results. The last but not the least, we successfully obtained five commonly used reference genes of Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu, 1983, which can be applied in future studies serving as the stable reference gene and providing a broader range of selecting the stable reference gene.
We studied the anti-cold shock performance of activated sludge microbes (ASM) with magnetic field (MF) strengthening under slow and rapid cooling and rewarming. From stage S3 to S4, the TTC-DHA (triphenyltetrazolium chloride dehydrogenase) of reactor A₂ and B₂ were 98.5% and 72.5% higher than that of reactor A₁ and B₁, which showed that MF had a better strengthening effect on TTC-DHA under slow temperature variation than that under rapid temperature variation. MF had a definite strengthening effect on relief and inhibition of cell membrane lipid peroxidation and low-temperature injury, which was indicated by SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and MDA (malonaldehyde), while the MF strengthening effect on SOD and CAT activity was not stable under rapid cooling and rewarming. The MF had little effect on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) diversity of ASM under slow cooling, but had higher PLFA diversity on that under rapid cooling. Optimal MF strengthening application under different temperature variation mode is supposed to be a potential pathway to strengthen the activity and cold resistance of ASM and improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment in low temperatures.
Precipitation is an important element in the hydrological cycle in mountainous regions. Temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and in its two phases – rain and snow – over the northern and southern aspects of the slopes of the Tianshan Mountains are compared and analyzed using 55-year data (1961-2015). The results of the analysis are as follows: 1) The average annual precipitation shows an upward trend: rainfall on the northern slopes increase by 6.7 mm per decade and that on the southern slopes by 6.4 mm per decade; the corresponding figures for snow are 2.0 mm and 4.2 mm; and the ratio of snowfall to precipitation (S/P) showed a weak decreasing trend on both the slopes. 1) At a confidence level of 0.05, the M-K test shows that rain, snow, and S/P increased after the change point, while rain and snow change significantly in the proportions,but S/P does not. 2) On the northern slopes, the periodicity of major changes is 25 years for rain and 30 years for snow, whereas on the southern slopes the pattern is the exact opposite, the periodicity of major changes being 25 years for rain and 30 years for snow.
Terrain database is the reference basic for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to implement underwater terrain navigation (UTN) functions, and is the important part of building topographical features model for UTN. To investigate the feasibility and correlation of a variety of terrain parameters as terrain navigation information metrics, this paper described and analyzed the underwater terrain features and topography parameters calculation method. Proposing a comprehensive evaluation method for terrain navigation information, and constructing an underwater navigation information analysis model, which is associated with topographic features. Simulation results show that the underwater terrain features, are associated with UTN information directly or indirectly, also affect the terrain matching capture probability and the positioning accuracy directly
To solve the problem of offshore oilfield development, based on the newly introduced pulsed neutron oxygen activation logging instrument, the application research of test design and interpretation method was carried out and applied to actual production. The structure, technical indicators and logging principles of pulsed neutron oxygen activation logging tools were introduced. The test design under different well conditions was studied, including general positive and negative injection, oil sleeve injection, single oil pipe configuration and multi-tubing configuration. A large amount of field test data was collected and analysed technically. A set of effective interpretation models was proposed. The corresponding interpretation software was developed. A set of test design methods and operating specifications for different well conditions were developed. Based on the conventional interpretation method, the peak selection, the double-tuber peak identification and the carbon dioxide f looding interpretation method were added. The results show that the test design and interpretation methods were applied well through a large number of field tests and production applications. Therefore, pulsed neutron oxygen activated injection profile logging technology is successfully applied in offshore oil fields
Based on Landsat 8-OLI (operational land imager) images and field surveys, we mapped soil salinization across seven ecosystems in the Manas River basin (MRB), and two models of soil salinization (namely an index model and a sensitivity model) were constructed on a regional scale and on the scale of a unit. ArcGIS ordinary Kriging interpolation was used to determine the spatial distribution of the sensitivity of each ecosystem to soil salinity. The ecosystems differed markedly in their sensitivity: the grassland ecosystem was the most sensitive and the farmland ecosystem was the least sensitive; the other five ecosystems, in descending order of their sensitivity, were desert, urban, forest, wetland, and shrubland. In terms of area, the ecosystems less sensitive to salinity accounted for 40% of the total area; those slightly sensitive accounted for approximately 24%; moderately sensitive, 12%; highly sensitive, 14.5%; and extremely sensitive, 9.5%. The extremely sensitive areas were mostly distributed around Lake Manas while the highly sensitive areas were mainly downwind of the lake. The moderately sensitive areas were occupied mainly by the wetlands and grasslands, the slightly sensitive areas by the deserts, and the least sensitive areas by the farmlands.
Water inrush is one of the typical geological hazards in the construction of high-risk tunnels, and has caused severe losses. To predict water inrush accurately, a novel model was put forward for karst tunnels in the present study. The ideal point method coupled with the analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) was applied for risk assessment of water inrush. First, the ideal point method was introduced as a brand-new way to predict the risk level of water inrush. Second, the water inrush risk in karst tunnels was discussed in terms of influencing factors. With the consideration of karst hydrological and engineering geological conditions, seven key factors were selected as evaluation indices, including formation lithology, unfavorable geological conditions, groundwater level, landform and physiognomy, modified strata inclination, contact zones of dissolvable and insoluble rock, and layer and interlayer fissures. Then the ideal point method was used to deal with the multiple evaluation indices to determine the ideal point and the anti-ideal point. Meanwhile, the analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) was applied to determine the weight coefficient of each evaluation index. Thus, the minkowski distances respectively for the ideal point and the anti-ideal point were calculated. Based on the discriminant analysis theory, the closeness degrees to the ideal points were brought out to specify the risk level of water inrush. Finally, the proposed model was applied to a typical deep-buried karst tunnel: Jigongling Tunnel in China. The obtained results were compared with the results of the relevant methods and the practical findings, and reasonable agreements could validate the presented approach. The obtained results not only provide guidance for the construction of high-risk tunnels, but also bring out an alternative way for risk assessment of water inrush.
In this paper, a comprehensive research of the evolution of the hierarchical structure and spatial pattern of coastal cities in China was conducted based on the data of distribution of the headquarters and subsidiaries of marine-related enterprises in 1995, 2005 and 2015 using the city network research method proposed by Taylor. The results of the empirical research showed: China’s coastal city network had an obvious hierarchical characteristics of “national coastal cityregional coastal city-sub-regional coastal city-local coastal city”, in the 20 years of development process, the hierarchies of coastal cities in China showed a hierarchical progressive evolution; in past 20 years, the spatial pattern and network structure of coastal cities in China tended to be complete, and the city network was more uniform, forming a “three tiers and three urban agglomerations” network structure; the strength of connection among the cities was obviously strengthened, and the efficiency of urban spatial connection was improved overall
Marine economy is a new economic form, emphasizing new development concept, new operation mechanism and management mode. In recent years, marine economy shows rapid growth, and marine industry presents a clustering development trend. The industrial linkage effect, industrial agglomeration effect and industrial radiation effect of the marine industrial cluster are important motive forces for the development of coastal cities. The marine industrial cluster takes coastal cities as the development platform and space, while the coastal cities achieve rapid and sustainable development based on the marine industrial cluster. The synergetic and coupling development of the marine industrial cluster and coastal cities is an important way for the promotion of industrial competitiveness and urban competitiveness. This paper developed a measure to identify the marine industrial cluster, designed the evaluation index of coupling of marine industrial cluster and coastal cities development from two perspectives of industrial linkage and spatial agglomeration, taking Shandong province, a typical coastal province in China, as an example, it studied the situation of the marine industrial cluster based on input-output data and data of marine enterprises of coastal cities, based on which it explored the coupling relationship between marine industrial cluster and coastal cities of Shandong province
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