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This paper is an elaboration of the representatives of the Upper Viséan tetracoral families Amygdalophyllidae Grabau and Rozkowskiidae n. fam. of the Holy Cross Mts. Development trends within the superfamily Aulophyllicae, as well as the microstructure of septa and columellae are presented in the general part, in which the microstructure of columella has been assumed as a basis for erecting families. The systematic part contains descriptions of 16 species (and two subspecies) belonging to four genera and two families. Most taxonomic units have for the first time been erected in the present paper.
Ten species of tetracorals are described from the Lublin Coal Measures Basin, Poland, including 3 new species and 1 species determined only to the genus level. The known species indicate Upper Viséan age.
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Diffingiina subordo n., tentatively included in Stauriida Verrill, 1865, is characterized by the adaxial split of the inner end of at least one (the cardinal) septum; the development of the basal plate and the vertical position of the young corallite at the beginning of its growth; the absence of septal furrows; the shortening of the counter septum at least during some part of the neanic growth; the trabecular microstructure of septa; and the biform tabularium. The attachment scars have once been illustrated for the Rugosa, but they were recognized only in this paper. All taxa included in the suborder are new, because their basic characteristics have not been reported so far as present in the Rugosa. Two new families have been established; the monotypic family Plerodiffiidae fam.n., containing only a single species Plerodiffia eaglebuttensis sp.n., and the family Diffingiidae fam.n. subdivided into two subfamilies. In the monotypic subfamily Diffingiinae subfam.n. seven new species have been recognized. The presence of two opposite trends in the morphological development suggests the possibility of further increase in the number of genera within the subfamily. The subfamily Turgidiffiinae subfam.n. contains two genera: Turgidiffia gen.n. with three new species and the new genus and species left in the open nomenclature.
The Permian stage of evolution within Rugosa and Tabulata took place in two distinct realms, isolated by the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean and the Pangea: the Palaeo-Tethys Realm and the Cordillera-Arctic-Uralian Realm. The corals discussed disappeared from the first Realm in the upper part of the Changxingian Palaeofusulina sinensis Subzone and from the second one in lower Djulfian. The fairly long time span between these events excluded acting of any rapid and common factor. The combined effect of global factors such as lowering of sea level and warming of climate and local factors such as tectonics, currents, absence of carbonate banks, etc. led to the successive disappearance of corals from individual areas of realms. The Chinese microcontinent was the last area colonized by corals.
Six species, of this number 2 new ones, and a new subspecies, all of them belonging to the family Lindstroemiidae Počta, as well as one species of the family Amplexocariniidae Różk., from the Lower-Givetian brachiopod shales from Skały, Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie), Poland, are described.
The type material of the Tournaisian Zaphrentis calyculus from the Miller’s (1891) collection, redescribed by Easton (1944) has been re-investigated. The better preserved specimens are assigned to 5 species and 5 genera (among them Rotiphyllum diutinum sp. n., Petraia (?) milleri sp. n. and Patularima gen. n.). Some forms are described in open nomenclature. The taxa are discussed in terms of morphology, ontogeny, intraspecific variability and relationships. Environmental and/or genetic control of straight, widely-flaring and horn shapes and of stereoplasmic infilling is discussed.
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Some aspects of coloniality in corals

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Blastogeny in Anthozoa was compared to the parallel process in Hydrozoa with a brief discussion on the cells reorganization and genetic control of the process. Discussion on astogeny was restricted to fusion of corallites and colonies with some attention being paid to the regeneration within colonies. Four types of fusion were discussed: 1. fusion within coenenchymal colonies, regarded as a self-regulation. 2, 3. fusion within fasciculate colonies and fusion of solitary corals, interpreted as being connected with a reproductive cells exchange; 4. fusion of coenenchymal colonies, thought to be a sample of interspecific aggression. Formation of gregaria was briefly discussed as a phenomenon similar to coloniality.
Analysis of the rugose coral fauna of the Carboniferous/Permian transition strata is discussed, with special emphasis on corals from the Pseudoschwagerina Zone. Two distinct realms: the Tethys Realm and the Cordillera-Arctic-Uralian Realm were developed in the Carboniferous-Permian time. Recently introduced taxonomic, biostratigraphic and paleogeographic data and interpretations are evaluated in terms of their global and regional value. It is postulated that corals have some importance as a supplementary group for establishing the lower limit of the Permian System.
The present paper is a revision of the genus Ceratophyllum Gürich, 1896. It is based on the five specimens from Gürich's original collection and on the specimens assigned to this genus from the Lower Givetian of Skały and the Eifelian of Grzegorzowice, Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie). The present author designates here the neotype for the species Ceratophyllum typus Gürich, 1896 and chooses it as the type species. A new species Ceratophyllum eifeliensis n.sp. is here established and the subspecies Ceratophyllum typus skalense Gürich, 1896 described.
The origin of the Rugosa and relationships between the Rugosa and Scleractinia are debated. In the present account I comment on some recently published phylogenetic reconstructions, which in my opinion, are based on inadequate data.
Fifty-tree species of tetracorals from Eichwald's collection have here been revised, described and illustrated. Stratigraphic range: Ordovician through Lower Permian. Most names given by Eichwald have lost their priority (nomen oblitum), but the present writers ,suggest to keep them for the species which were not described after Eichwald's publication.
11 species and subspecies of the genus Disphyllum de Fromentel are described from the Devonian of Poland, two of them, D. wirbelauense bonae and D. w. reaulare, are new. The geological structure of the Disphyllum-bearing localities from the Holy Cross Mts and Sudetes is discussed. The profiles of deep boreholes from Silesian-Cracow anticlinorium and Pomerania are presented. The coral's blastogeny and intraspecific variability are characterized. The septal index and pattern of internal structure are regarded as taxonomical criteria for specific identifications. It was noted that the microstructure is characterized by coarse monacanths distributed horizontally or in the form of half fans. Distribution of Disphyllum in Poland and in the world, the moment of its appearance and its biostratigraphical value are discussed.
Detailed study of the holotype and topotypes of the type species of Trochophyllum Milne-Edwards and Haime reveals that this genus has a unique Internal morphology most similar to Neaxon Kullman. Although the systematic relationships of small, aulate solitary corals remain dubious, Trochophyllum is referred provisionally to the family Petraiidae de Koninck. The genus is represented by the type species, T. verneuilanum Milne-Edwards and Haime, and the informal taxon T. sp. 1, which ’are known only from Tournaisian (early Osagean) strata in Kentucky and Indiana, USA. Previously published records of Trochophyllum outside the type locality of its type species are either invalid or unconfirmable on present published information. Trochophyllum is distinguished by a highly variable aulos that is typically of the stereotheca-type, filled with stereoplasm at maturity; axial tabulae absent or not preserved at maturity; cardinal septum shortened in the calice; and minor septa developed only as foundations.
Almost all blastogeny in colonial rugose and tabulate corals involves lateral increase. Axial increase is rare and peripheral increase, which uncommonly occurs in both solitary and colonial corals, is regarded as a multiple type of rejuvenescence. Coenenchymal increase is known only in heliolitid corals. During lateral increase in fasciculate and massive colonies, offset and parent are separated by either a partition which is interpreted as formed by a continuous sheet of basal ectoderm between offset and parent polyps, or by a dividing wall which is formed by two entirely separate polyps. Lateral "increase in species of Favistina and Palaeophyllum from the Upper Ordovician of eastern North America involves offsets which are separated from the parent corallite by a dividing wall. Axial planes of the offsets are oriented towards the axis of parent corallites, with the counter septum located on the peripheral wall. Septal insertion in general shows a rugosan pattern. Tertiary septa are present in two specimens of Palaeophyllum.
Colonies of the rugose corals Nemistium liardense sp. nov. and Heritschioides simplex sp. nov. were collected from limestone in the upper member of the Mattson Formation in the Liard Range in the Northwest Territories and are the only known identifiable coral species from the Mattson Fm. The Mattson Fm., deposited in the Liard Basin west of the syndepositional Bovie reverse fault, comprises sandstone with subordinate shale and carbonates deposited during several delta cycles. The close morphological similarity and identical mode of offsetting in N. liardense colonies from the Mattson Fm. and the allochthonous Stikine Terrane of British Columbia indicate they belong in the same species. This and the morphological similarity between H. simplex and the late Serpukhovian to early Bashkirian H. columbicum allow assignment of the coral-bearing part of the upper Mattson Fm. to Bashkirian Foraminiferal Biozone 20. Widespread occurrence of the genus Nemistium confirms open communication between the Liard Basin region and the western European and northern African seas.
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