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The influence of long-term mineral, organic and organic plus mineral fertilization in total, on the properties of humic acids from the black earth, was studied. Mineral fertilization caused the decreased absorption, specific of the phenol and alcohol OH groups, C=C and C=O bounds in aromatic compounds and NH of 1st order amins. Fertilization with the manure affected the increase absorption in the field of the frequency, specific of the groups: -CH3, -OCH3, -CH2 and -COOH. Fertilization with the use of half of the dose of manure and NPK caused the increase absorption by -COOH groups. Mineral and organic fertilization increased the amount of amino acids in KH, and of amino- and total nitrogen. The manure fertilization combined with the mineral fertilization had the opposite effect. The greater share of aromatic compounds was stated in KH from the soil, fertilized with a half of the dose of manure and NPK, the lowest one was found in KH from the soil fertilized only with NPK. On the other hand, the degree of condensation of aromatic compounds was the highest in KH from the soil, fertilized with the manure and the lowest one was stated in KH from the soil fertilized with a half of the dose of manure and NPK.
In her article, the author discussed the determinants of developments taking place in consumption in 1989-2009, as consumption is one of the basic driving forces of the economy. She presents expenditure from the fund of individual and public consumption, changes in the pattern of consumer expenditure, formation of consumption of foods, flats' assets and aspirations in this area as well as the state of households' equipment with durables.
The subject of interest of the article is the two layers of the middle class, i. e. entrepreneurs and managers. These are the layers that have been dynamically developing in Poland after 1989. According to the Waren's scheme, they must be included into the lower layer of the middle class. The way of setting up of the layer of entrepreneurs, in particular, and impact of its high social mobility on aspirations and behaviours in the market are shown. Based on the multidimensional analyses carried out, there are separated 4 types of consumers from this social layer, and their profiles are presented. The types separated are: I — the small entrepreneur or supervisor struggling for survival; II — the active, advancing entrepreneur and manager taking care of prestige; III — the innovative intelligent, oriented at long-term effects; IV — the realist, gradually building his future.
The studies were carried out in central Poland. Total organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Nt) andCof humus fractions in uppermost soil horizons were analyzed in afforested meadow soils in first and fifth year of afforestation (2 profiles) and compared to about 70-year-old continuous forest soils. Soil was collected from 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm layers depth. The results showed that the soil Corganic (Corg) and Ntotal (Nt) decreased with depth in both studied periods. The Corg amounts were higher in the second period (5 years after afforestation) in almost every layer of the humus horizons in comparison to the first year of afforestation. The Nt content rather decreased in particular layers during five years, but mean values of 0-20 cm depth were lower or higher in dependence on soil type. The content of both elements in the studied layers was lower in the 5-year afforested soils than in the continuous forest soils. The results indicated changes in organic matter properties too, but the distribution of the different soil organic matter fractions in humus layers in time was dependent on soil properties.
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