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Paper presents a review of the recent literature dealing with the UV-B radiation, its effect on physiological processes of plant growth and development, cellular changes, concentration of chemical compounds and changes in morphological plant traits. The reasons of increasing UV-B radiation level are rapidly developing civilization and decreasing of ozone layer. It was stated that the plant reaction to UV-B irradiation depends on plant species and environment conditions. Destructive effects of UV-B radiation to plants may be - to some extent-neutralized by defence mechanisms, a form of specific plant adaptation to stress, however, under conditions of strong UV-B irradiation such mechanisms are not sufficient.
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Paper presented some aspects of cropping and qualitative attributes of the spelt wheat. The growing interest in spelt in Europe is connected with increasing demands for the food of high nutritional value. Development of ecological farming and breeding of new spelt varieties in 1990-s caused its renascence. Non-questionable nutrient and taste qualities were confirmed by a number of research works. Spelt wheat grain is an excellent product for baking applications.
Field experiment was carried out in 1992-1994 in the Agricultural Experimental Station Balcyny to study the effect of the quality seeds faba bean and the effectiveness of different fungicides applications on the growth, wholesomeness and yield of faba bean, Dino cultivar. Wholesomeness of the sown material and applied fungicides did not significantly affect on yield bean. Fungicides Sportak 45 EC and combined treatment Sportak 45 EC + Ronilan WP limited the infestation of plants only in early phases of growth.
Fenugreek is one of the oldest known medicinal plants that have been used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization and Rhizobium meliloti inoculation on the yield, yield components and seed quality of fenugreek. The experiment was performed during two growing seasons. Chlorophyll content was determined with the use of the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. After harvest, biometric measurements were performed and the chemical composition of vegetative organs and seeds was determined in fenugreek plants. At 43 DAS, the chlorophyll content of control plant leaves was determined as 46 SPAD, and it decreased with plant growth. In treatments fertilized with nitrogen, the chlorophyll content of leaves increased from 48.5 (N0.5) - 56.1 (N1) SPAD (43 DAS) to 58.2 (N0.5) - 60.6 (N1) SPAD (58 DAS).Seed inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti was more highly correlated with seed quality than plant habitus and yield components. Inoculation decreased (by 11.5%) the crude fat content of fenugreek seeds, and increased phosphorus, calcium and sodium concentrations. Nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced morphological parameters and yield components, and it contributed to a significant increase in the total protein content of seeds.
The aim of the study has been to determine the effect of mineral fertilization and growth regulators on the content of mineral components in plants of two pea cultivars. The research was based on a two-factor pot trial. Two cultivars of pea were gown: cv. Poker (sugar pea with traditional foliage) and cv. Wenus (a general use, narrow-leaf cultivar). The effect of traditional fertilization with single NPK fertilizers was compared to that with multi-component fertilizers: Polifoska 6 and Amofoska 3 (alone or with the growth regulators: auxins IBA and NAA, triacontanol, L-tryptophan, adenine and cyokinin BA). Seeds of sugar pea cultivar Poker contained more phosphorus, potassium and calcium than those of universal cv. Wenus. Higher concentration of potassium in vegetative organs was found in cv. Wenus. Fertilization with Polifoska 6 increased the content of phosphorus in seeds and vegetative organs whereas Amofoska 3 stimulated mainly the accumulation of potassium. The growth stimulators tended to depress the content of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in seeds but raised their levels in vegetative organs. Cultivar Poker, a traditional pea variety, was characterised by a more desirable distribution of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium than narrow-leaf cv. Wenus. Mineral fertilization, compared to the control, stimulated more strongly the uptake of phosphorus than that of calcium and consequently lead to the narrowing of the mol calcium to phosphorus ratio. In contrast, the growth regulators improved that ratio owing to the increased transfer of calcium to seeds. Cv. Wenus was characterised by a broader K : (Ca + Mg) ratio in all examined aerial organs than cv. Poker. Mineral fertilization considerably increased these values.
W pracy przedstawiono właściwości mechaniczne nasion diploidalnych i tetraploidalnych odmian koniczyny czerwonej uprawianych w różnych gęstościach siewu i w trzech latach badań. W tym celu nasiona poddano testowi jednoosiowego ściskania do założonego odkształcenia, za pomocą uniwersalnej maszyny testującej INSTRON. określono siłę niszczącą nasiono, odpowiadającą granicy wytrzymałości biologicznej (Fmax) i energię (pracę) powodującą zniszczenie struktury nasiona (Emax) oraz obliczono parametr odkształcenia nasion będący ilorazem siły (DF) i odkształcenia względnego (DD). Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wykazała różnice pomiędzy badanymi cechami mechanicznymi nasion w zależności od odmiany, gęstości siewu i kolejnych lat badań. Wszystkie parametry mechaniczne nasion zależały od warunków klimatycznych w latach badań; uprawa w warunkach niesprzyjających (nadmiar opadów) powodowała wzrost wartości tych parametrów. Wytrzymałość nasion na ściskanie zależała istotnie od ploidalności odmian koniczyny czerwonej oraz od warunków uprawy. Stwierdzono, że Fmax, Emax, oraz DF/DD określają w podobnym stopniu właściwości mechaniczne pojedynczych nasion koniczyny czerwonej.
The cause of seed dormancy relief may be various external factors, however the most data suggest particular role of temperature, especially it is seasonally changing environmental cue. The impact of temperature on hydrotime model parameters of red clover seeds has not been studied up to date. The aim of the study was to determine the water relations of red clover seeds during germination after different constant or fluctuating temperature pretreatment in a dry and moist seedbed, on the basis of the hydrotime model. The highest germination was obtained as a result of temperatures in a moist seedbed thanks to a shift of the mean base water potential towards negative values. Alternating positive temperatures broke the dormancy of red clover seeds to the greatest extent. The use of the hydrotime model to characterise and predict relief of combinational dormancy may be a very effective approach, especially for cultivars, which contains a small percentage of hard seeds. Red clover seeds do not need extreme temperatures or large amplitudes of temperatures alternation to break dormancy in temperate climates. Our results acknowledged the advisability of sowing red clover in autumn because exposition to winter and early spring conditions allow seeds to reach a high vigour and successfully emerge in spring.
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