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Recent data indicate that plants, in a manner similar to the situation found in mammalian phagocytotic cells, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to pathogen infection. This reaction could be very quick when using pre-existing, usually exocellular, components and/or, when biochemical machinery of the cell is activated, relatively late and long-lasting. The oxidative burst is defined as a rapid, transient production of high levels of ROS in response to external stimuli. Two major models depicting the origin of ROS in the oxidative burst are described, namely: the NADPH oxidase system and the pH-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide by exocellular peroxidases. Additionally, the participation of exocellular ROS-generating enzymes, like germin-like oxalate oxidases and amine oxidases, in plant defence response is demonstrated. The involvement of protoplasmic ROS-generating systems is also indicated.
Cell walls are at the ba sis of a struc tural, four-dimensional frame work of plant form and growth time. Re cent rapid prog ress of cell wall re search has led to the sit u a tion where the old, long-lastingjux ta po si tion: "liv ing" protoplast — "dead" cell wall, had to be dropped. Various at tempts of re-interpretation cast, how ever, some doubts over the very na ture of plant cell and the sta tus of the walls within such a cell. Fol low ing a com par i son of exocellular ma tri ces of plants and an i mals, their po si tion in re la tion to cells and or gan isms is ana lysed. A mul ti tude of per spec tives of the bi o log i cal or gani sa tion of liv ing be ings is pre sented with par tic u lar at ten tion paid to the cel lu lar and organismal the o ries. Ba sic ten ets and re sult ing cor ol lar ies of both the o ries are com­pared, and evolutionary and developmental implications are considered. Based on these data, "The Plant Body" - an organismal con cept of plants and plant cells is de­scribed.
Phenolics exudation by imbibed seeds and roots of intact lupin plants (Lupinus albus L.) was studied during the first 4 days of growth by a new agar test with specific reagents for phenolics (Gibbs reagent, Naturstoffreagenz A). Comparative studies of the phenolics exudation reveal that legumes exude different phenolics (even if not qualitatively, then at least quan­titatively) than oat. The exudation of phenolics starts very quickly after the imbibition of seeds and can be visualized as early as 24 h after sowing. In older seedlings, the exudation of phenolics can be detected along root zones and is influenced by nitrate and pH. At acidic pH, nitrate reduces phenolics exudation, but at pH 7.5 the exudation of phenolics becomes restricted to only some root zones. Nitrate must be present in the rooting media for at least 24 h to cause visible changes in the pattern of exudation at different pH values.
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