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Branch bending has been practiced for decades as an effective means of inducing floral buds in ‘Fuji’ apple in China. Endogenous hormones play an important role in apple flowering. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the hormone concentrations (ABA, ZR, IAA and GA) in spurs, medium and long shoot terminals of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Gala’ apple trees subjected to bending of different angles (70°, 90° or 110°). In both cultivars, the proportion of floral buds and spurs increased, but that of medium and long shoots decreased with increasing bending angles. TheABA and ZR concentrations in shoot terminals increased, but the IAA and GA concentrations decreased as the bending angles increased from 70° to 110°. The ZR concentration increased monotonically in spurs apexes, but in medium and long shoot terminals it increased from a minimum on May 10 to a maximum on June 20 for ‘Fuji’ apple trees or on July 20 for ‘Gala’ apple trees, and then decreased thereafter. It was also observed that the ‘Gala' apple trees had a higher ABA concentration but a lower IAA concentration in shoot terminals than the ‘Fuji’ apple trees. The ZR concentration in spurs apexes of ‘Gala’ apple trees was higher before July 1, and the GA concentration was higher before June 20, but lower after July 20 than the ‘Fuji’. The (IAA + GA + ZR)/ABA ratio of spurs apexes in ‘Fuji’ apple trees decreased with increasing bending angles during the whole growth season, with a significant difference between those bent at 110° and those bent at 70°. There was no significant difference for the ‘Gala’ apple trees. The (IAA + GA + ZR)/ABA ratio peaked on June 20, and it was higher in ‘Fuji’ than in ‘Gala’ apple trees throughout the study period.
The objective of this study was to correlate the expression pattern of candidate genes with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid composition of the Longissimus dorsi muscle of Duroc × Shanzhu commercial crossbred pigs. Animals of both sexes were slaughtered at a body weight of about 90 kg. The IMF content and fatty acid composition of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were measured and correlated with candidate genes mRNA expression (AdPLA, ADRB3, LEPR, MC4R, PPARγ, PPARα, LPL, PEPCK, and SCD). Females presented higher IMF content (p < 0.05) than males. The total saturated fatty acid (SFA) in males was greater (p < 0.01), whereas the total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (p < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (p < 0.05) were lower than in females. The expressions of AdPLA, MC4R, PEPCK, and SCD correlated with the IMF content (p < 0.05). AdPLA showed a positive association with MUFA and a negative association with SFA (p < 0.05). LEPR and MC4R were both positively and significantly associated with C18:3 and C20:0 (p < 0.05). PPARα and PPARγ were negatively correlated with SFA, and PPARγ was positively associated with MUFA (p < 0.05). LPL was positively associated with MUFA and negatively associated with SFA (p < 0.05). PEPCK was negatively correlated with PUFA (p < 0.05). SCD was positively associated with MUFA (p < 0.05). The revealed correlations may confirm that these candidate genes are important for fat deposition and fatty acid composition in pigs, and the evaluation and use of these genes may be useful for improving porcine meat quality.
Heme oxygenase (HO; EC 1.14.99.3) is an important enzyme that yields biliverdin IXα (BV), carbon monoxide and iron. At least two kinds of HO subfamilies exist in plants. Our previous report revealed that rice (Oryza sativa L.) HO1 (SE5, also named as OsHO1), a major subfamily of HO, is an oxidative stress–response protein, especially upon paraquat exposure. However, whether there exists rice HO2, another subfamily of HO, is still unknown. In the present study, a rice HO2 gene (named as OsHO2) was cloned and characterized. Its genomic sequence consists of four exons and three introns, and encodes a 36.5 kDa protein precursor with a 4.9 kDa N-terminal transit leader peptide. Further results showed that OsHO2 has a conserved HO signature sequence and shares a high amino acid sequence similarity with other identified plant HO2s. The recombinant mature OsHO2 (mOsHO2) protein expressed in Escherichia coli did not exhibit HO activity, which was in contrast with that of mOsHO1. The results of subcellular localization of OsHO2 demonstrated that it was most likely localized in the chloroplasts. Real-time RT-PCR experiment revealed that although OsHO2 mRNA is a much less abundant than that of OsHO1, both of them were expressed in all tested tissues. Importantly, OsHO2 transcripts could be differentially induced by hemin (a substrate of HO), paraquat (in particular), and NaCl treatments. Together, the results suggested that OsHO2 might act downstream in the signal transduction pathways following abiotic stresses in rice.
Performance of ozone/persulfate-UBAF used for advanced treatment of physically treated effluent from herbal decoction pieces of wastewater was investigated in a pilot scale experiment. Under optimum conditions – i.e., an initial pH, temperature 13-27ºC, 30 min of oxidation, 35 mg/L O₃ dosage, S₂ O₈²⁻ /COD (g/g) ratio (0.15), gas/liquid ratio in UBAF (3), hydraulic retention time in UBAF (5h)– the COD and NH₃ -N removal efficiencies were 87.54-89.53% and 82.94-86.77%, respectively. Under optimum conditions, ozone/persulfate oxidation lowered pH values by about 0.1 pH units (average value), presented lower OCC (from 0.14 to 0.16 kg O₃ /kg COD removed), and significantly improved the wastewater biodegradability from 0.16 to 0.55 (average value). Compared with O₃ /H₂ O₂ oxidation, the ozone/persulfate system achieved a better enhancement effect in wastewater treatment (i.e., decreased 24.0% OCC and saved 11.4% in operational costs). Furthermore, the COD removal rate in ozone/persulfate oxidation stage followed the first order ln(C/C₀)=- 0.0167t , and the COD concentration in UBAF effluent was expressed by the model C/C₀=exp(-0.2940/-L⁰‧⁰⁹¹² H) at various hydraulic loading ratesfor maintenance and selection of UBAF. Finally, the study proved that the combined process was an efficient technology in treating physically treated effluent from herbal decoction pieces wastewater.
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