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A rare mountain species Pipizella bispina SIMIC, 1987 (Diptera: Syrphidae) is reported for the first time in Poland. The specimen has been collected in Bystre near Baligrod, in the Bieszczady Mts.
The study was in apple orchards with integrated plant protection in the vicinity of Poznań in 2009–2010. The aim was to determine the level of parasitizing of the rose tortrix moth [Archips rosana (L.)] in its pupae stage by different parasitoid families. The rose tortrix moth is definitely a dominant species among phytophages in the „leaf” tortrix group in the apple orchards of western Wielkopolska. The abundance of the moth was reduced by three families of parasitoids, namely Ichneumonidae and Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) and Tachinidae (Diptera). The pupae were parasitized in 4.7% in 2009 by Ichneumonidae and Tachinidae, while in 2010 the parasitization percentage was 23.6% respectively for the three parasitoid families. A high effectiveness of Ichneumonidae in controlling the abundance of tortrix moth was found, and the parasitization level was 4.7% and 15.7%. A high effectiveness of Itoplectis maculator (F.) (Pimplinae) in controlling the abundance of the tortrix was shown as compared with the other species of Ichneumonidae. In 2009 this species was the only one to reduce the moth abundance and parasitized the pest in 4%, and in 2010 it reduced the abundance of the moth to the greatest extent, i.e. By 11.7%.
Orthonevra stackelbergi Thompson et Torp, 1982 has been recorded in Poland for the first time in approximately 120 years. Distribution maps of O. stackelbergi and O. intermedia Lundbeck, 1916 in Poland are provided based on the new material, supplemented with records from literature, as well as notes about the species morphology, biology and ecology.
Studies on hoverflies (Syrphidae) species diversity were carried out in apple orchards with integrated pest control from 1996 to 2010 and covered 4 orchards in Wielkopolska (the vicinity of Poznań). As a result of the studies 76 hoverflies species were identified from 38 genera, representing nearly 20% of Syrphidae fauna in Poland, including 44 species being considered as obligatory predators at the larva developmental stage. An analysis of the occurrence phenology of selected predatory Syrphidae proved that in Wielkopolska orchards the species: Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776), Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius, 1794), and Sphaerophoria scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) were active from April even until November.
Shrubberies which neighbour on an orchard are among the significant structures enhancing agrocenoses. Such shrubberies maintain species diversity and stimulate self-control mechanisms in biocenoses. For these reasons, from 1999 to 2001, studies were conducted concerning predatory Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in the orchard and shrubberies in the immediate vicinity. A quantity and quality analysis of predatory hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) was performed. A total of 801 specimens were caught in both habitats. There were 20 species recorded there (12% of the national fauna of this predatory family). The studies proved that the orchard and the neighbouring shrubberies can be alternative habitats for Syrphidae (Diptera). There is also a possibility of the predators migrating from the shrubberies to the orchard, enhancing the potential to control the abundant Hemiptera species in the orchard. The shrubberies then become an important element of the agrocenosis structure, due to their biocenotic functions.
The excessive use of mineral fertilizers causes many negative consequences for the environment as well as potentially dangerous effects of chemical residues in plant tissues on the health of human and animal consumers. Bio-fertilizers are formulations of beneficial micro-organisms, which upon application can increase the availability of nutrients by their biological activity and help to improve soil health. Microbes involved in the formulation of bio-fertilizers not only mobilize N and P but mediate the process of producing crops and foods naturally. This method avoids the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers and genetically modified organisms to influence the growth of crops. In addition to their role in enhancing the growth of the plants, biofertilizers can act as biocontrol agents in the rhizosphere at the same time. Biofertilizers are very safe for human, animal and environment. The use of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Acetobacter,Burkholderia, Bacillus, Paenibacillus and some members of the Enterobacteriaceae is gaining worldwide importance and acceptance and appears to be the trend for the future.
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