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Capsule endoscopy is non-invasive, safe, and patient friendly, technologically advanced diagnostic method. This is the only method of examination which does not require general anesthesia and allows macroscopic evaluation of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Thanks to its numerous advantages capsule endoscopy contributed to the development of gastroenterological diagnostics in humans and is beginning to also be applied in animals, especially in dogs. The article presents available capsule endoscopy systems, the construction of the camera pill (endoscopy capsule), indications and contraindications for application. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of this diagnostic method in dogs and future developments of capsule endoscopy systems are discussed.
The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) possesses numerous difficulties owing to the unclear etiology of the disease. This article overviews the drugs used in the treatment of IBD depending on the intensity of clinical symptoms (Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index and Canine Chronic Enterophaty Clinical Activity Index). Patients demonstrating mild symptoms of the disease are usually placed on an appropriate diet which may be combined with immunomodulative or probiotic treatment. In moderate progression of IBD, 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine or olsalazine) derivatives may be administered. Patients showing severe symptoms of the disease are usually treated with immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics and elimination diet. Since the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, the advancements in biological therapy research will contribute to the progress in the treatment of canine and feline IBD in the coming years.
The objective of this study was to carry out a macroscopic and histopathological examination of the gastric mucosa in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and to evaluate the effect of mesalazine therapy on histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa. The treatment was performed on 18 dogs with histopathologically confirmed inflammation of the duodenum and the jejunum. The animals were administered mesalazine at 12.5 mg/kg b.w. bid over a six-week period. The dogs investigated were diagnosed with chronic catarrhal gastritis with intense lymphocytic/plasmocytic infiltration. In 83% of the dogs, intestinal metaplasia had been noted in bioptates before examination. The results of macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed that the applied treatment had a positive effect on gastric mucosal morphology. Cellular infiltration of the gastric mucosa was significantly inhibited, most probably, due to the anti-inflammatory effect of mesalazine.
The present experiment evaluated the quality of macroscopic images and the mean time of capsule passage through different sections of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs subjected to different preparation protocols before capsule endoscopy. In the first examination, the colonoscopy preparation protocol was applied, and in the second examination, the animals were administered macrogol. The study revealed that macrogol administration before capsule endoscopy significantly improved the quality of macroscopic images. The colonoscopy preparation protocol may not support accurate visualization of the large bowel mucosa and, in selected patients, also the small bowel mucosa. Macrogol administration had no effect on capsule transit time through the alimentary canal. Capsules used in endoscopic evaluations of the small bowel in humans may have limited applications in macroscopic examinations of large bowel mucosa in dogs.
Probiotic bacteria have been known for over a century. Probiotics are defined as direct feed microbials or microbial cell preparations with a beneficial effect on the health and well-being of the host. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus strains are used most frequently as probiotics. In recent years, their use has increased significantly in both human and veterinary medicine. These bacteria play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Lactobacillus and Enterococcus are capable of colonizing the alimentary tract in dogs. As a result, probiotic bacteria take an important part in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
The investigations were carried out on suckling piglets, naturally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Starting from the 3rd day, two experimental groups were given intragastrically Lactobacillus acidophilus culture (1 x 10⁸ cells) or Bifidobacterium sp. culture (1 x 10⁸ cells) per day. Cryptosporidium was present in the stomach, microvillus brush border of the jejunum, ileum and colon. These findings were associated with severe atrophy of the villi and mild lymphoid infiltration in the lamina propria. Haematological and biochemical tests in piglets showed significant differences including a reduced haemoglobin level, a decrease in the erythrocyte count, an increase in the haematocrit value, leukocyte count, total protein value and in alkaline phosphates and LDH activity. Bacterial flora was less abundant in piglets receiving Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium; no haemolytic E.coli rods were isolated. After daily administration of the bacteria, the diarrhoea was moderate, lasting up to 2 days, and the number of oocysts in faeces was significantly lower. This suggests that Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. may help to control C. parvum infection in new-born piglets.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is mainly used in heart examination and to detect and characterize focal liver lesions. CEUS also allows the evaluation of the spleen, pancreas, kidneys, lymph nodes and the detection of porto-systemic shunts. UCAs can be administered intracavitarily, e.g. in the urinary bladder. In human medicine CEUS is used in the assessment of anti-angiogenic treatment. In some cases concerning the detection and characterization of focal lesions in such organs as the liver, spleen and kidneys, CEUS is equally or more efficient than CECT. The advantages of CEUS are: non-invasiveness, high availability, short examination time, low cost expenses and good patient tolerance compared to contrast agents use in CECT and CEMRI. The appearance of UCAs decreased the gap dividing the diagnostic value of USG and CT/MRI and also allows the characterization of neoplastic lesions without the need of invasion biopsy and diagnostic laparatomy.
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