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We determined the phosphate (P) uptake, substrate P concentration, phytase activity, acid phosphatase activity and expression of three predicted secreted purple acid phosphatase genes (PAPs) from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf) through Glomus versiforme and phytin treatments to evaluate phytate-phosphorus utilization promoted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, G. versiforme). The results showed that under inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency, trifoliate orange seedlings utilized phytin and G. versiforme colonization promoted trifoliate orange phytin utilization by increasing phytase activity and acid phosphatase activity in the roots and the substrate. Although the expression of the three secreted PtPAPs in the seedlings was significantly upregulated in the roots and the leaves after 2 months of -P solution application, the genes exhibited different expression patterns. In general, PtPAP1 was regulated more strongly in the roots than in the leaves, which was upregulated by G. versiforme colonization but downregulated by phytin treatment in the roots. PtPAP2 was activated by Pi deficiency in the leaves but was almost constitutive expressed in the roots. PtPAP3, which might encode a phytase, was also regulated more strongly in the roots than in the leaves and reduced by phytin treatment, but unaffected by G. versiforme colonization. The expression patterns of the PtPAP genes in response to the AMF and organic phosphate (Po) treatments suggested that the three PtPAPs had different functions in the Po utilization of trifoliate orange. Although the phytase activity and acid phosphatase activity in the roots and the substrate were not consistent with PtPAPs expression, AMF promoted the activities of the two enzymes in the substrate, which was at least partly ascribed to the regulation of PtPAPs expression.
This study investigated the accumulation of osmotic solutes in citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings colonized by Glomus versiforme subjected to drought stress or kept well watered. Development of mycorrhizae was higher under well watered than under drought-stressed conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) seedlings accumulated more soluble sugars, soluble starch and total non-structural carbohydrates in leaves and roots than corresponding non-AM seedlings regardless of soil-water status. Glucose and sucrose contents of well-watered and drought-stressed roots, fructose contents of well-watered roots and sucrose contents of drought-stressed leaves were notably higher in AM than in non-AM seedlings. K⁺ and Ca²⁺ levels in AM leaves and roots were greater than those in non-AM leaves and roots, while AM symbiosis did not affect the Mg²⁺ level. AM seedlings accumulated less proline than non-AM seedlings. AM symbiosis altered both the allocation of carbohydrate to roots and the net osmotic solute accumulations in response to drought stress. It is concluded that AM colonization enhances osmotic solute accumulation of trifoliate orange seedlings, thus providing better osmotic adjustment in AM seedlings, which did not correlate with proline but with K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, glucose, fructose and sucrose accumulation.
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