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The aim of the study was to identify carriers of the mtDNA sequence related to the “mother’s curse” in the Polish population of the brown hare. Even slight mtDNA mutations inherited from mothers by their sons may diminish sperm cell motility by decreasing the synthesis of ATP and thus reduce the reproductive success of the species. In the literature this phenomenon is referred to as the “mother’s curse” effect. Muscle samples from 103 hares were collected from hunters in central, southern and eastern Poland. In order to identify hares with the “mother’s curse”, an mtDNA control region (CR) was selected, amplified according to (26), sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically along with sequences from the Genbank, using the PhyML program (9). Four animals were eliminated from mtDNA studies because of heteroplasmy. A tree consisting of 4 clades was generated. For the purpose of this study, the most important of them was the PW clade, which included 5 Polish hares (females) with sequences characteristic of the “mother’s curse”. This constitutes 5.05% of the population studied. The geographical origins of the hares with the “mother’s curse” were dispersed over almost the entire area under investigation. Two hares came from the Płock region, and the others from the Konin, Zamość and Nowy Sącz regions. A small fragment of the mtDNA sequence proved sufficient for the identification of an important functional effect of mutation in the mtDNA on the condition of an individual and the whole population. For the first time a screening method proved effective in the identification of hares with “mother’s curse” mtDNA mutations in a population of animals living in the wild. By then this had only been achieved in captive colonies. The identified group of female carriers, constituting 5.05% of the investigated sample, which persists in the population regardless of selection, may through their sons further compromise the effective size of a constantly decreasing and endangered population of the brown hare in Poland.
This report concerns two pregnant fallow deer (Dama dama) that the dead were found in the fenced property owner. The hair from the suspected Alaskan Malamute dog and from the tunnel burrowed under the fence of the pen where the deer were kept was carefully collected, preserved, stored, and transported for analysis in a forensic DNA laboratory. Morphological and histological tests as well as a comparative analysis of the hair were performed. The molecular analysis of the genetic material from the hair roots of hair collected in the tunnel and hair of the suspected dog, showed their close similarity. A comparative morphological and histological analysis of the hair from the tunnel and from the dog also demonstrated their close resemblance. The comparative morphological and histological analysis of the hair and the results of molecular analysis proved that the Alaskan Malamute had killed the fallow deer.
The aim of the study was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the CYP21 gene of the Eurasian lynx, eight representatives of five selected domestic cat breeds and a European mixed-breed cat on account of the key role of this gene product in adrenal steroidogenesis. Cats nuclear DNA was obtained from peripheral blood, while the lynx DNA was isolated from muscle tissue. 21HS gene amplification was performed in 10 parts with the unified PCR conditions. The reaction products were sequenced. On the basis of the determined nucleotide (nc) sequence of the gene, the sequence of amino acids (aa) of the protein was determined. The sequences obtained in our study and collected from the GeneBank were aligned using Mafft and subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the program MrBayes 3.2. A total of 11 SNP’s were detected in 9 tested cat breeds and an additional 3 indels in the mixed-breed cat. Between the studied cats and lynx a total of 33 SNP differences were determined. In addition, three indels were located in the lynx that were absent in cats. In domestic cats the 21HS gene occurs as a series of three long alleles: 2500 bp, 2503 bp, and 2504 bp. Both alleles of lynx were 2502 bp in length. Genetic distance was identified between the studied breeds of cats, as well as between cats and the lynx. A genetic analysis of Cyp21 nucleotide sequences of cats and lynx was performed against homologous sequences obtained from GeneBank, derived from 13 different vertebrate species. In addition, evolutionary distance was estimated between the amino acid sequences (aa) of the cat/lynx and homologous sequences obtained from the GeneBank and derived from 15 different vertebrate species. It was demonstrated that the aa sequence of cat is almost identical to the sequence of lynx. Overall, basing on 21HS aa sequence, the closest kinship links felines and canids, then felines with pigs and ruminants, after which were rodents. The lowest CYP21 kinship links aa sequences of felines with eels and birds, followed by humans and apes.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the parameters of genetic variability at the MHC class II DRB1 and DQA1 loci in 112 brown hares from 4 regions of Poland. Disturbances in the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium associated with an increase in homozygocity at these loci may lead to an increase in the proportion of females whose fetuses have compatible MHC haplotypes. This compatibility may result in abortion, which diminishes the reproductive success of the species. The extraction of nuclear DNA from peripheral blood Iymphocytes was performed with GenElute Blood Genomic DNA Kit manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich. DNA isolation from muscles was performed with Sherlock AX set manufactured by A&A Biotechnology. Primers and PCR conditions for the second DQA gene exon were conducted according to (34). Alleles obtained were analyzed for polymorphism by the SSCP method with modifications according to (34). The following primers were used to obtain exon 2 of the DRB gene: DRB2F 5’ - GAG TGT CAT TTC TAC AAC GGG A - 3 `, DRB2R 5’ - CTC CCG AAC CCC GTA GTT GTG TTT GC - 3’. Other reaction conditions were the same as for the DQ gene. Alleles obtained were analyzed with the Arlequin 3.5 program (20). The following parameters were analyzed: expected and observed heterozygocity, the inbreeding level (FIS), and the fixation index (FST). The number of alleles in the population, the number of private alleles, the number of homozygotes and heterozygotes, as well as the allelic richness (R) were determined with the FSTAT v.2.9.3.2 program (23). FIS for the DRB1 locus revealed an HW disequilibrium with a significant excess of DRB1 homozygotes, especially in the Kalisz region. FIS for the DQA 1 locus revealed an HW equilibrium in the Kalisz and Oświęcim regions, whereas in the other regions (Ciechanów and Płock) there was a slight excess of heterozygotes. These results are the first findings for the MHC class II DRB1 and DQA1 loci in a population of Polish hares living in the wild. The above picture of changes in the frequency of genes and DRB1 and DQA1 genotypes shows tendencies towards decreasing heterozygocity and increasing homozygocity. This reveals the local incidence of highly unfavorable phenomena associated with an inadequate gene exchange, resulting in a disturbed HW equilibrium. These findings suggest that poor reproductive performance of Polish hares may be indirectly related to a disturbed HW equilibrium and a significant increase of homozygocity at the MHC class II DRB1 locus.
The aim of this study was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the CYP21 gene in the wolf and representatives of five breeds of dogs (selected according to a classification by Parker et al, 2004) in connection with the key role of the product of this gene in the genesis of many diseases in dogs. Nuclear DNA of dogs was obtained from peripheral blood, and the wolf’s DNA was isolated from muscle tissue. The amplification of the 21HS gene was carried out in 10 fragments under standardized PCR conditions. The reaction products were sequenced. The sequence of amino acids in the protein was determined on the basis of the nucleotide sequence. The sequences obtained in our study and those retrieved from the GeneBank database were compared with the Mafft program (15) and subjected to phylogenetic analysis with the MrBayes 3.2 program (35). We detected a total of nine SNP mutations in introns and exons. Furthermore, a deletion of two nucleotides, that differentiates the breeds, was detected in the promoter region. Only two differences between the dogs and the wolf were found in SNP: one in an exon and one in an intron. Genetic distance was determined between the selected breeds of dogs and between the wolf and the dogs of each breed. In addition, we estimated the evolutionary distances between amino acid sequences of the dog/wolf and homologous 21HS sequences of eight different vertebrate species obtained from GeneBank. It was shown that, among mammals, the amino acid sequence of the dog/wolf is the most similar to the sequence of the pig, and the least similar to that of the human. The sequences determined in this study may provide a reference point for the research on the CYP21 gene structure and expression in various tissues of dogs for therapeutic purposes.
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital, heterogeneous disorder, characterized by the absence of intestinal ganglion cells. Recent advances show that the RET gene is a major locus involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR. The aim of this study was to analyse if the HSCR phenotype in the Polish population is associated with the presence of polymorphisms in exons 2,3,7,11,13,14 and 15 of the RET gene. Molecular results were compared with clinical and long-term follow-up data in 70 Polish patients with HSCR (84.3% with a short segment and 15.7% with a long segment of aganglionic gut). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analysed by using the minisequencing SNaPshot multiplex method. The 135G>A polymorphism in RET exon 2 was overrepresented in HSCR patients, compared with a healthy control group. Moreover, the 135G>A variant was shown to be associated with the severe HSCR phenotype. Two other polymorphisms, 2071G>A in exon 11 and 2712C>G in exon 15, were underrepresented in the patients. The results confirm that these RET polymorphisms play a role in the aetiology of HSCR.
 Vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)) is a hormone playing a crucial role in numerous biological processes in the human body, including induction and control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Numerous data relate the vitamin D3 level with various types of cancer. It has been suggested that SNPs in the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) gene might influence both the risk of cancer occurrence and cancer progression. The aim of this study was to search for genetic correlations between individual SNPs in the VDR gene and the risk of oral cavity carcinoma. Two SNPs were selected based on the literature and our previous results. Seventy-three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and one hundred control subjects were investigated. Two SNPs in the VDR gene were genotyped in minisequencing reactions followed by capillary electrophoresis. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), the χ2 test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The SNP rs2238135 in the VDR gene displayed statistical differences in frequency between the tested groups (p=0,0007). Furthermore, the G/C genotype of the rs2238135 in the VDR gene was characterized by a 3.16 fold increased risk of oral cavity carcinoma. The obtained results provide evidence for a genetic association between rs2238135 in the VDR gene and the occurrence and risk of oral cavity cancer.
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