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The phrase “balanced anesthesia” refers to the coadministration of several different drugs to produce an “ideal” anesthetic state, which implies adequate hypnosis, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and relief from stress. This technique of general anesthesia is based on the idea that the administration of a mixture of small amounts of several drugs makes it possible to combine their advantages while avoiding their disadvantages. Such a mixture usually consists of inhalant and injectable drugs. Balanced anesthetic techniques for horses aim mainly at maintaining good intraoperative cardiopulmonary function followed by calm and coordinated recovery. This can be achieved only by supplementing inhalational anesthesia with injectable agents so as to reduce the dose of anesthetic gases needed, improve cardiorespiratory functions and facilitate the recovery phase. The following article gives an overview of anesthesia techniques in horses involving inhalation anesthesia in combination with infusion agents.
Placentitis in mares is caused by bacteria ascending through the caudal genital tract and is a common reason of equine abortion in late gestation, and foal deaths in the first 24 h of their lives. The most commonly isolated pathogens associated with placentitis is Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. The bacteria, which enter the pregnant uterus through the cervix, cause inflammation of the cervical star region of the placenta and subsequently travel along the umbilical cord and then they reach the amniotic fluid. Consequently foals swallow bacteria with amniotic fluid. Fetal infection is not always associated with premature births. Clinical signs connected with this conditions are premature udder development and presence of a vulvar discharge. However, precocious mammary gland development is also associated with twin pregnancies, and vulvar discharge is often difficult to detect without careful scrutiny. Diagnostic tools used to identify mares at risk of premature delivery mainly include transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography of the pregnant uterus and the determination of maternal progestins concentration. Transrectal ultrasound examination of the caudal reproductive tract allows for direct examinations of the cervical star region, evaluation of fetal viability and evaluation of allantoic and amniotic fluids. The combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) is also measured by transrectal ultrasonography. Normal values of CTUP are about 5 mm during midgestation and are less than 8 mm in month 10 of gestation, less than 10 mm in month 11 of gestation, less than 12 mm in month 12 of gestation - mares with placentitis have increased CTUP values. Generally mares with placentitis (chronic conditions) have increased concentrations of maternal progestins, sometimes for several weeks before abortion; however, in acute conditions progestins tend to decline hours or days before abortion. Treatment strategies for mares with ascending placentitis include combating infection, reducing inflammation and controlling myometral activity. The treatment should last from the onset of clinical signs until the delivery of the foal.
Prostaglandin F2α and its synthetic analogues, because of their luteolytic properties, have found wide application in the reproduction of domestic animals, including cattle, swine and horses. They are used to induce and synchronize heat, ovulation and parturition, as well as to improve the results of insemination and early-stage pregnancy termination. The ongoing discussions regarding animal welfare include the question of the lowest effective dose of hormones in individual species and how it could be reduced by selecting the optimal route of hormone administration. Intramuscular injection is the recommended method of administering prostaglandins to cows, pigs and mares. Due to the different sensitivities of these species to prostaglandins, the recommended therapeutic dose varies significantly from one species to another. The luteolytic effect also depends on the route of administration. Studies on alternative routes of injection report good therapeutic effects after administration of the hormone subcutaneously (SC), into intravaginal submucosa (IVSM), at the BAI-HUI acupuncture point or at the ischiorectal fossa (IRF). The injection site, the dose and the type of prostaglandin used may intensify negative effects, such as an increase in the heart or breathing rate and increased sweating.
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