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Nine sites studied in the years 1997-1998 along the Upper Vistula course (from 10.9 to 336.7 km) were characterized based on the relative abundance of various net phytoseston (≥50 μm) predominant taxa. The prevalence of oligo-mesotraphentic diatoms (Fragilaria arcus (Ehr.) Cl.) and green alga Stichococcus sp. indicated generally pure waters at the montane sector of the river course. They were associated with betamesosaprobic taxa of chrysophytes (Kephyrion spp.) and rhodophytes (Audouinella sp.) characteristic for well oxygenated waters. Increased abundance of beta- and alpha-meso/polysaprobic indicators (Melosira varians Ag.) and those tolerant to organic pollution (Navicula lanceolata (Ag.) Ehr., Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch) Lange-Bertalot) was noted on 36.6 km of the river indicating slight pollution. An increased trophic state, organic pollution and salinity level, expressed with the predominance of betamesosaprobic and eutraphentic diatoms (Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Sim.) accompanied by desmids and euglenins (typical of beta-alpha-mesosaprobic zones) was observed on 45.7 km. The prevalence of Stichococcus sp. and Pediastrum spp. with increased share of alpha-meso/polysaprobic indicators (Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun.) and polysaprobic (Nitzschia palea (Kütz.) W. Sm.) was found on 66.2 km. The sector between 117.6-185.2 km of the river course with strongly polluted waters of the worst quality, was characterized by augmented percentage share of cyanobacteria. Decreasing pollution level found on 248.2-336.7 km probably resulted from the dilution effect caused by montane Carpathian tributaries of the Vistula. The increase in beta-mesosaprobic and meso-eutraphentic indicators was related to Chlorococcales, which dominated over dense populations of cyanobacteria. Evaluation of water quality using net phytoseston groups with predominant indicator taxa, provides important information concerning the abundance of rapidly renewing Chlorococcales and potentially toxic cyanobacteria what is omitted in benthic diatom indices method.
The review covers investigations carried out by the present authors and different other workers on algae in the River Dunajec and in the Rożnów and Czchów dam reservoirs. Changes occurring with the passage of time were investigated, particular attention being paid to the considerable degree of environmental degradation. Stages in the life of dam reservoirs and measures taken for prolongation of the most favourable of them are described. On the basis of available information, prognoses for the future Czorsztyn Reservoir were elaborated.
An investigation was carried out in the Goczałkowice Reservoir at the Stations “Corral” and “Platform”. Copper treatment applied to the algae brought a decline in cladocerans and a decrease in their pressure on the phytoplankton and, in consequence, on an abundant secondary development of chlorococcous green algae. The population of cladocerans was considerably reduced by Acanthocyclops robustus just before coppering. The invasion of a fungal parasite inhibited the intensive development of Asterionella formosa in the Corral, where a later mass occurrence of Ceratium hirundinella led to the almost total disappearance of zooplankton.
The primary production of littoral algae was characterized by periodical high intensity, with a maximum in summer (0.204 g C m-2 24 h-1 phytobenthos and 2.77 g C m-2 24 h-1 phytoplankton). The investigation results support the hypothesis that in certain environmental conditions, besides ecological competition between the algae, the phytobenthos and phytoplankton communities are mutually enriched with species. The more labile phytoplankton communities, however, have a greater effect on the quality of the water in the studied reservoir than have the communities of phytobenthos.
A highly significant dependence was found between the number of rotifers and the abundance of euglenoids and green algae. The numbers of copepods chiefly depended on the numbers of green algae and Chrysophyceae and to a very small degree of diatoms and blue-green algae. The total number of zooplankton depended on that of green algae, euglenoids, and desmids. No significant relation was found between Cladocera and 8 groups of the phytoplankton. The prevalence of small algal species was correlated with a greater content of phosphorus. In the case of euglenoids, green algae, desmids, and Chrysophyceae significant negative dependences upon N-N03 were observed. An increase in the number of desmids was associated with low concentrations of silicon in the environment.
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