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Ethametsulfuron-methyl is an active ingredient discovered by DuPont de Nemours, which controls Geranium, Brassicaceae and other broad-leaved weeds in oilseed rape. It is recommended to be used post emergence, between the stage 1 to 8 leaves of the winter oilseed rape, in mixture with other herbicides. The results show that Salsa™ 75 WG applied in a tank mix against broaden weed spectrum provides a more consistent weed control. Salsa™ 75 WG gives to farmers flexibility to use a wide number of programs to control weeds including those specific and/or difficult to control. The post emergence use of Salsa™ 75 WG allows to choose the best time for the herbicide treatment under the most favorable weather conditions.
The yield of winter wheat is on average the half of its genetic potential, what is mainly caused by plant pathogenic fungi. The fungi of the genus Fusarium are regarded as one of the most damaging, due to their high incidence and severity of infections they cause. The aim of this work was to optimize the protection of winter wheat against Fusarium ear blight, based on the presence and quantity of Fusarium spp. spores in air samples and the analysis of the effect of different fungicide programmes on yield and quality of collected wheat kernels. The field experiments were done over two vegetative seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011) in Radostowo (Pomerania). The analysis of the concentration of Fusarium spp. spores in air samples was done using the volumetric method, with the use of Hirst type spore samplers. The spores of Fusarium spp. were found in air samples and their concentration differed between days of study. Plant protection treatments significantly affected the infection of plants with Fusarium ear blight as well as the amount and quality of seed yield. This diversity allows wheat producers to find optimal protection programmes and plant treatment dates, based on the presence and concentration of the spores of Fusarium spp. in air samples.
A field experiment performed in 2008 and 2009 autumn seasons in Southern Poland (Lower Silesia) using hybrid winter oilseed rape cultivar PR46W10 (Pioneer Hi-Bred) proved the significant effect of fungicide spraying time on the incidence and severity of symptoms caused by fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa. The disease incidence and severity were the lowest (6.7%) when the fungicide (Capitan 250 EW, flusilazole 250 g/l) was applied in the time following mass ascospore release. The population of the pathogens greatly differed between years: in the autumn of 2008 L. maculans dominated (92%) over L. biglobosa, whereas in 2009 it was the opposite, and L. maculans was re-isolated from 7% symptoms only. Summer and early autumn of 2008 was cooler and wetter as compared to the same period in 2009. The results show that the introduction of decision support systems may cause more efficient protection of oilseed rape against stem canker of brassicas, one of the most important diseases of oilseed rape worldwide.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fungicide application in different dates during the flowering stage of oilseed rape and to compare the influence of petal infection level by the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the subsequent infection of plants by sclerotinia stem rot. The experiments were carried out in two seasons: 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 in Glubczyce (southern Poland). Fungicide treatments were done at weekly intervals from late April to mid June, with Acanto 250 SC containing 250 g/l of picoxystrobin. The highest disease incidence was observed in the unsprayed variant (25% in 2010 and 50% in 2011). The percentage of infected plants depended on the date of fungicide application and it ranged from 4 to 16% in 2010 and from 10 to 28% in 2011. The comparison of the availability of primary inoculum in the air and the subsequent plant infection indicated that only a part of the infected petals were a source for the further disease development. Low percentage value of infected plants treated at the end of April and the beginning of May suggest that farmers growing oilseed rape in high risk areas should protect the plants at early flowering stage.
The fungi Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa cause stem canker – one of the most damaging diseases of oilseed rape in Poland and worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize the composition of avirulence genes and mating types present in current populations of L. maculans in Poland. The study was done in autumn 2010. The isolates of L. maculans (254) were obtained from infected winter rapeseed leaves collected at six locations. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of each isolate was extracted using a CTAB (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) method. The taxonomic identity of isolates was checked by RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) using OPJ-10 primer and compared with specific banding patterns characteristic for the representatives of L. maculans and L. biglobosa. Isolates of L. maculans were studied to identify a mating type and avirulence alleles AvrLm1 and AvrLm6. Mating types MAT1.1 and MAT1.2 were found in similar frequencies at all sites, what suggests that both types are well adapted to environment. The AvrLm1 avirulence allele was observed only in isolates obtained at one collection site. For the first time in Poland the avrLm6 virulence allele has been found.
LAMP is an innovative, simple, rapid, specific and cost- -effective nucleic acid amplification method. Due to the use of a special enzyme – GspSSD polymerase, the reaction takes a short time and can be performed at isothermal conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of LAMP technique is significantly higher, than standard PCR techniques, as two or three specific primer pairs are used. The technique is regarded as a useful tool for the detection and identification of plant pathogens. In this work, LAMP was used to study the composition of the population of fungi of the genus Leptosphaeria, causing a damaging disease of oilseed rape, called blackleg or stem canker. The detection concerned DNA present in fungal spores contained in air samples obtained using Hirst-type volumetric trap, in Pomerania (north Poland) in 2010. The results achieved using the LAMP technique were similar to these obtained with previously used, highly specific method of Real-time PCR. Conducting LAMP reaction was much easier and less time-and cost-consuming, due to a simplified method of DNA isolation of pathogens from plant tissues. Then, the LAMP technique was used to assess the composition of the population of Leptosphaeria spp. in plants of oilseed rape collected from the field in the Opole region (south-western part of Poland) in 2013. In contrast to studies conducted in 2002–2003, the analysis of leaf symptoms showed a higher proportion of L. maculans compared to L. biglobosa, what reflects changes in the composition of pathogen population of fungi causing blackleg on oilseed rape in this part of Poland.
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