Statistical analysis of sugar beet production costs of Polish farmsteads indicate a considerable share of mechanization costs. Solely the mechanical harvesting costs amount up to 19% of production costs. It is therefore advisable to look for economies within this particular cost group. This can be done by improving utilization levels: a machine owner could provide services for other farmers, machines could be bought and shared by a number of farmers, or machine harvesting could be outsourced. The paper investigates into the types, age and level of utilization of sugar beet harvesting machines in Lublin region farmsteads. Operating costs of the most common harvesting sets have been calculated. On their basis, the potential scale of savings on improved utilization levels has been estimated.
Neurogenic inflammation is linked to urinary bladder overactivity development. Cyclophosphamide (CYP) damages all mucosal defence lines of urinary bladder and induces cystitis with overactivity. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of CYP on rat urinary bladder function, histological structure and mastocytes numbers following acute and chronic CYP treatment. Fourty two female rats were divided into four groups: I (control), II (acute cystitis), III (chronic cystitis), IV (sham group). Acute and chronic cystitis were induced by CYP in single dose and four doses (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th day), respectively. In group I–III the cystometric evaluation was performed. Sections of the bladder were stained with HE and toluidine blue for the detection of mastocytes. The severity of inflammation was examined according to mucosal abrasion, haemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration and oedema. Acute and chronic CYP treatment caused inflammatory macroscopic and microscopic changes (mucosal abrasion, haemorrhage, oedema) and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in urinary bladder. Acute treatment induced the infiltration of mastocytes within bladder wall contrary to chronic one decrement. Acute treatment caused more severe mucosal abrasion, whereas chronic one revealed more developed haemorrhage changes. Additionally, cystometric evaluation revealed urinary bladder overactivity development in both types of cystitis. Basal pressure and detrusor overactivity index after acute treatment increased considerably in comparison with the increase obtained after chronic one. Our results proved that acute model of CYP-induced cystitis in rats is more credible for further evaluation of neurogenic inflammation response in pathogenesis of overactive bladder as compared to chronic one.
This paper reviews the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, based on ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evidence. The distribution and morphology of ICC at each level of the normal GI tracts is addressed from the perspective of their functional significance. Alterations of ICC reported in as well as in GI stromal tumours are reviewed, with emphasis on the place of ICC in the pathophysiology of disease. (Folia Morphol 2016, 75, 3: 281–286)