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Vegetables are important dietary components and constitute a group of the lowest calorie raw produce with a high nutritional value. The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional and energy potential of the leaves of rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) as affected by different regimes of plant nitrogen and potassium nutrition. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in a peat substrate, using varying amounts of nitrogen and potassium: 0.3 and 0.6 N as calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂) as well as 0.3 K, 0.6 K, and 0.9 K in the form of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄ ) and potassium chloride (KCl), with a constant level of the other macro- and micronutrients. Fresh leaf yield and the content of soluble sugars, fat, ash and dietary fibre were determined, as well as the caloric value of the plant material studied was estimated. It was shown that the nutritional value of rocket leaves could be increased by using an appropriate system of plant mineral nutrition. The use of KCl significantly increased the nutritional value of rocket leaves, as determined by the presence of fat and dietary fibre. The application of K₂SO₄ proved to be more beneficial due to the concentration of carbohydrates and available carbohydrates. An increase in the rate of nitrogen caused an increase in biomass and fat content, but also contributed to a decrease in the concentration of glucose and fructose. The higher rates of potassium had an effect on increasing the content of fat, ash and glucose. The energy value of rocket leaves was not modified by mineral fertilization applied.
In three years trials (1990-1993) the effect of diameter of bulbilson growth and yield of local garlic ecotype R was studied. Nine size classes of bulbils were investigated. Significant effect of diameter of bulbils on biometric properties and yield of local garlic was found out. The plants grown from big bulbils gave higher and better quality yield then those grown from smaller bulbils. There was no difference in yield of plants grown from big and medium bulbils.
Sałata listkowa (Lactuca sativa L. var. foliosa Brehmer) wytwarza duże rozety liściowe lub luźne główki, różniące się kształtem i barwą oraz wielkością, Szczególnie dekoracyjne i jednocześnie bardziej trwałe są rośliny odmian kędzierzawych (Crispa Group). W uprawie polowej sałaty listkowej stosuje się rozstawę wynoszącą 20-30 cm, w zależności od odmiany. Odpowiednie zagęszczenie roślin decyduje o wielkości i jakości plonu sałaty. Badania przeprowadzone w latach 2005-2006 w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym Akademii Rolniczej w Felinie dotyczyły wpływu odmiany oraz zagęszczenia roślin na wybrane cechy biometryczne oraz plon świeżej masy sałaty listkowej w uprawie polowej. Materiałem badawczym były rośliny sałaty listkowej odmian Farsa i Jana oraz Lollo Bionda i Lollo Rossa należących do Crispa Group. Zastosowano trzy rozstawy sadzenia roślin: 30 x 30 cm, 30 x 20 cm oraz 20 x 20 cm. Doświadczenie założono metodą bloków losowych w 4 powtórzeniach. Spośród badanych odmian najlepszymi cechami wzrostu oraz plonu odznaczała się odmian Jana. Najmniejszy plon ogółem i handlowy otrzymano z odmiany Lollo Rossa. Odmiany pierzaste sałaty listkowej Lollo Bionda i Lollo Rossa tworzyły mniejsze rośliny, niż pozostałe. Plon ogółem i handlowy tych odmian był mniejszy w porównaniu z odmianami Farsa i Jana. Wykazano duży wpływ warunków klimatycznych panuj ących w okresie wegetacji roślin, na ich wzrost i plonowanie. Największy plon ogółem (6,5 kg·m⁻²) i handlowy (6,4 kg·m⁻²) uzyskano z roślin rosnących w najmniejszym zagęszczeniu (20 x 20 cm).
The herbal material of Coriandrum sativum is the fruit. Fresh herb is also used as an aromatic spice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the content and chemical composition of coriander herb obtained at different plant growth stages. Coriander plants were grown in a glasshouse, the herb was harvested at the initial stage of flowering and from regrowing shoots. Essential oil extraction from the herb was performed by the hydrodistillation method, whereas the assessment of the chemical composition – using GC-MS method. The examined material contained 0.17–0.29 ml × 100g-1 of essential oil, depending on the stage of plant development when the harvest was done. 61 (generative phase) and 65 (vegetative phase) compounds were found in the examined coriander oil. The essential oil from the coriander herb contained the highest amount of aliphatic aldehydes, among which was decanal, E-2-dodecanol and E-2-decenol had the highest percentages. The contents of most aliphatic aldehydes decreased with each subsequent harvest of the herb. In addition to the above-mentioned aliphatic aldehydes, the presence of linalool, phytol, and oleic acid was found in the essential oil extracted from the coriander herb.
The studies conducted in 2007–2008 were aimed to assess how the developmental stage of common oregano affected the quality and quantity of the herb yield. The field experiment was established with the use of random blocks in four repetitions. Oregano was grown from seeding produced in a greenhouse. Herbage harvest of one-year-old plants was conducted before flowering, in budding phase, at the beginning of flowering and in the full flowering phase. The yield of fresh and air dry herb yield and then the contents of essential oil was determined. The oil was chemically analyzed with the use of GC/MS method. It was demonstrated that the best term for oregano raw material harvest was the full flowering stage of the plants. In this period the yields of fresh and air dry weights as well as the essential oil contents were the greatest. The oil from the herb collected in the initial phase of flowering had the largest number of components, whereas the oil obtained in the budding phase had the smallest. The predominant components of oregano oil were: sabinene, germacrene D, E-caryophyllene, (Z)-β-ocimene and γ-terpinene. The examined oil also contained phenol compounds: thymol and carvacrol – highly bactericidal and fungicidal substances.
Essential oils are the main active components of many essential oil raw materials. This is the most numerous group of medicinal raw materials, which has a big tradition and still a wide application in therapeutics. Oil raw materials are obtained from natural stands and from crops. Cultivation method, fertilization, irrigation, date of harvest of plant material can significantly modify both the content and composition of essential oil. Nutrients applied in the form of mineral and organic fertilization are supplied to plants by root and foliar application. Foliar nitrogen application increases essential oil content in some plants and affects essential oil composition. Moreover, essential oil content and yield are modified by the rate of applied nitrogen. Higher nitrogen application increases methyl chavicol concentration and decreases the percentage of linalool in the volatile oil of some aromatic plant species. In the cultivation of some aromatic plants, a higher amount of potassium contributes to an increase in essential oil content and in the percentage of 1,8-cineole, linalool, eugenol, and Ȗ-cadinene in the oil. Other nutrients available in the nutritional environment of plants are also capable of changing essential oil yield and composition. Likewise biofertilization, balanced mineral fertilization of aromatic plants is an important cultivation factor determining essential oil quantity and quality.
Vegetables have a significant place in the healthy eating pyramid. It is recommended that vegetables should be consumed as often as possible to provide nutritional and biologically active substances. The aim of the present study was to determine the biological value of the leaves of rocket as affected by different regimes of plant nitrogen and potassium nutrition. Plants were grown in a peat-based medium under greenhouse conditions. After harvest, the contents of L-ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, flavonoids, glucosinolates and essential oil were determined in the rocket leaves. The average content of chlorophyll a + b per 100 g of rocket fresh biomass was 1.16 mg, while the L-ascorbic acid concentration – 92.66 mg. 100 g of dried rocket leaves contained on average 0.84 g of flavonoids and 0.15 ml of essential oil, while 1 g of dry plant material was characterized by the presence of 10.56 μmol of glucosinolates, on average. Potassium chloride proved to be an interesting source of potassium; its application significantly increased the concentration of glucosinolates in the rocket leaves. However, this form of potassium was not found to have a significant effect on the accumulation of L-ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, flavonoids, and essential oil. An increased rate of nitrogen contributed to a decrease in the content of L-ascorbic acid and glucosinolates. The presented results show that it is possible to modify the chemical composition of rocket leaves by using an appropriate system of plant mineral nutrition.
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