Określono zawartość Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, Zn oraz Hg w kapeluszach i trzonach okazów borowika szlachetnego (Bolutus edulis) Bull.: Fr. oraz wierzchniej warstwie (0 – 10 cm) gleby na terenie Puszczy Świętokrzyskiej. Borowik szlachetny nagromadzał (BCF > 1) w owocnikach K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Cd i Hg, a wykluczał (BCF < 1) Na, Ca, Fe, Mn, Al, Ba i Sr.
The aim of the paper was to present various viewpoints regarding the possibilities of applying nitrates III and V in meat processing in the context of the available literature on this subject, legislation and current practice. Nitrates have been used in meat industry as food preservatives for ages. They contribute to producing the desirable, red-pink meat colour, improve taste and smell of meat products, extend their shelf-life and prevent the development of Clostridium botulinum, bacteria dangerous for humans. However, it is also recognized that the above-mentioned compounds can exert a negative influence on consumers’ health. It has been demonstrated that nitrites and nitrates are the precursors of noxious compounds, including carcinogenic nitrosamines. That is why for years various measures have been undertaken regarding the methods and doses of their application in food industry. Reducing the quantities of nitrates and nitrites added to meat products aims at protecting consumers’ health from an excessive exposure to these types of substances. All the time, however, discussions are continuing whether the currently recommended quantities of these compounds added to meat are still not too high and whether it is not advisable to ban these substances from food processing altogether. Denmark is given here as an example since the Danish regulations concerning the application of nitrites and nitrates are definitely more restrictive in comparison with the other EU member states, hence meat articles manufactured there contain much smaller quantities of these compounds. In spite of that, for many years there have been no cases attributable to Botulinus toxins in Denmark. A similar situation regarding botulin poisoning occurs in Poland; the cases of this type of poisoning are connected, primarily, with the production of sausages in conditions unrelated with industrial production/ other than industrial production. In conclusion, proposals are put forward to verify the desirability of further use of these compounds in food processing also in Poland.
Opracowano bibliografię publikacji dotyczących występowania i biokumulacji pierwiastków oraz radionuklidów w grzybach wielkoowocnikowych rosnących na terenie Polski, lokalizacji metali w grzybni i owocnikach, jak również właściwości bioindykacyjnych grzybów, w tym głównie gatunków należących do klasy podstawczaków (Basidiomycetes). W opracowaniu ujęto, chronologicznie, nazwisko pierwszego autora, rok opublikowania pracy, nazwę stanowiska gdzie zebrano grzyby, rodzaj badań (in situ, uprawa komercyjna, eksperyment polowy, uprawa doświadczalna), symbole chemiczne badanych pierwiastków oraz skróty nazw gatunkowych grzybów w języku łacińskim.
The aim of this study was to assess the management conditions of horses at three box stables located in north eastern Mazovia. Range of studies included a zoohygienic inventory of stables and physical parameters measurements of air in the spring period. Scientific research showed that the analyzed elements of horses breeding environment in the box stables were within the recommended standards. On the basis of the stable inventory it was shown that the pits area and cubature idexes were adequate to the zoohygienic requirements. Values of most physical parameters of air (temperature, relative humidity, air movement and cooling power) ranged at the level of the minimum management conditions of horses. Only natural lighting (object B and C) and artificial lighting (objectA, B and C) were too low in relation to optimum zoohygienic standards. In the evaluated stables, received light intensity value was twice higher than the recommended requirements (in the course of study outside of analyzed buildings sunny weather prevailed).
The aim of the work was to determine the effect of thermal and humidity conditions on productivity and welfare of broiler chickens. Studies were conducted during the winter in two buildings (Aand B) of similar technical and technological solutions, and different area indexes. It was found that broiler houseA, with optimal density of birds (16.5 chickens per m2) had temperature and air relative humidity ranged within the limits of zoohygienic recommendations. Whereas broiler house B where birds density was too highly (18.6 chickens per m2) showed a slight deflection of these parameters from standard. Profitable management conditions of broiler chickens in the buildingA was reflected in higher body weight (2260 g), better feed conversion (1880 g · kg b.w.–1) and lower mortality of birds (3.6%).
Zebrano i przeanalizowano dostępne dane o występowaniu arsenu, kadmu, ołowiu i rtęci w owocnikach borowika szlachetnego w świetle specyficznych właściwości tego gatunku do silnego bionagromadzania niektórych pierwiastków metalicznych i metaloidów, możliwego wpływu czynników środowiskowych oraz wyznaczanych tolerancji dla kadmu i ołowiu w grzybach uprawowych. Zasugerowano wprowadzenie norm odnośnie maksymalnie dopuszczalnej zawartości (tolerancji) kadmu i ołowiu (arsen i rtęć w ustawodawstwie UE nie są normowane) w grzybach rosnących dziko. Ponadto, także potrzebę rozróżnienia i uwzględniania w prawodawstwie dotyczącym żywności specyficznych różnic w zdolności poszczególnych gatunków grzybów jadalnych do nagromadzania określonych metali i metaloidów (potencjalnie także ich form) w owocnikach; aktualne normy UE dotyczą tylko grzybów uprawowych - bez rozróżnienia konkretnych gatunków.
On the day of ovulation and next on day 7 after ovulation the ovaries of 20 sheep were examined using the transrectal ultrasound method. To verify the results, similar examination was made with the laparoscopic method. Depending on the stage of the sexual cycle (day 1 vs day 7) the number of Graafian follicles (∅ ≥5 mm) was determined as well as the total number of corpora lutea found in both ovaries. Out of the total number of 53 Graafian follicles found laparoscopically, 42 (79,2%) were detected with the ultrasound method. The detectability of corpora lutea with the ultrasound method was found similar (79,5%). A considerable improvement in the accuracy of ultrasonic measuring was observed when the determinations were repeated next year. This reflects the effect of the experience gathered by the person taking the measurements.
Oznaczono zawartość rtęci ogółem w kapeluszach i trzonach zasłonaka kleistego, gołąbka słodkawego, maślanki łagodnej, borowika szlachetnego, gąski zielonki, podgrzybka brunatnego, płachetki kołpakowatej, maślaka sitarza, sarniaka dachówkowatego, mleczaja rydza i klejka lepkiego zebranych w okolicy jeziora Wdzydzkiego w latach 1996-1997.
Clinically healthy Polish Holstein-Friesian calves were divided into two groups: a control group (12 individuals) and an experimental group (12 individuals). The experimental group calves received a mixture of 20% water herbal extracts prepared from Urtica dioica, Hb., Hypericum perforatum, Hb., Melissa officinalis, Fol., Chamomillae recutita Anth., Calendula officinalis, Flos, and Plantago lanceolata, Fol. The mixture was given from the 2nd to 14th week of their life. Control calves received no addition of herbal extracts to their diet. Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, and mean corpuscular volume were determined in the 4th, 9th, and 14th week of the experiment. The beneficial effect of the herbal mixture on the level of the examined haematological parameters was demonstrated in all tested weeks. In the calves from experimental group, a significantly higher red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and corpuscular volume, and lower white blood cell count were found. There were no statistically significant differences in the haematocrit values between both groups.
The aim of the study was phenotypic and genotypic analysis of 132 S. aureus strains isolated from mastitis in eastern Poland in respect to their biofilm formation ability. The analysis of the size polymorphism of fragment X in the gene encoding protein A (spa) revealed high genetic differentiation of the analyzed group of isolates. The ability of biofilm formation by the isolates was tested using two phenotypic methods. The Congo Red plate assay was found to be irreproducible and very subjective. More objective results were obtained using the spectrophotometric, microtiter plate assay. Most of the isolates, namely 76/132 (57.6 %) were classified as biofilm producers depending on the value of absorbance in the microtiter plate test. All of the isolates tested were found to possess both icaA and icaD genes, while the bap gene was absent in all strains.
Metodą zimnych par bezpłomieniowej absorpcyjnej spektroskopii atomowej (CV-AAS) oznaczono stężenie rtęci w kapeluszach i trzonach grzybów z terenu Trójmiejskiego Parku Krajobrazowego. Próbki do badań zebrano w latach 1995-1996. Grzyby roztwarzano w stężonym roztworze kwasu azotowego (65%) w naczyniach teflonowych w kuchence mikrofalowej. Zbadano osiem gatunków grzybów jadalnych (podgrzybka brunatnego, podgrzybka zajączka, podgrzybka złotawego, borowika szlachetnego, kotlarza babkę, pieczarkę polową, czubajkę kanię i czasznicę workowatą). Wykazane wartości stężeń rtęci ogółem w zbadanych gatunkach grzybów są zaskakująco duże.
Metodą CV-AAS oznaczono rtęć w 7 gatunkach grzybów: pieprznik jadalny, podgrzybek brunatny, koźlarz czerwony, koźlarz babka, borowik szlachetny, gąska ziemista, twardzioszek przydrożny, zebranych na terenie gmin Morąg i Łukta w woj. warmińsko-mazurskim w latach 1997-98. Przedstawiono dane z dostępnego piśmiennictwa o zawartości rtęci w pieprzniku jadalnym i twar- dzioszku przydrożnym z niektórych stanowisk w Europie.
The aim of this study was to examine phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci from milk samples from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis and from cows without mastitis symptoms to methicillin, tetracyclines, macrolides and lincosamides (ML). Of 207 strains, including 34 S. aureus and 173 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 11 (6.4%) CNS strains were phenotypically resistant to methicillin. The mecA gene was detected by PCR only in two S. xylosus strains and one strain of S. epidermidis and S. simulans. No methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were observed. In methicillin-resistant strains with mecA, gene resistance to other investigated antibiotics was not observed. Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline was detected in 11.0% of CNS strains and 47.4% of them carried the tetK gene. Of 173 CNS strains studied, 27 (15.6%) were resistant to at least one ML antibiotic. The resistance gene ermC was detected in 55.5% of the 27 ML-resistant strains. The ermA and ermB genes were detected in 14.8% and 11.1% of ML-resistant CNS strains, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance to methicillin, tetracyclines and macrolides was detected more frequently in staphylococcal strains from clinical mastitis compared to animals with subclinical symptoms and without mastitis, while the resistance to lincosamides showed a similar frequency in all groups of cows. In conclusion, CNS species from bovine milk differ in phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and the use of PCR technique alone for the detection of methicillin, macrolide, lincosamide and tetyracycline resistance in CNS from cattle is not reliable.
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