Ograniczanie wyników

Czasopisma help
Autorzy help
Lata help
Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 28

Liczba wyników na stronie
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 2 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników

Wyniki wyszukiwania

help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 2 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
The density and behavior of the Mistle Thrush in Niepołomice Forest (southern Poland) and adjacent open areas were studied during winter (December-February) in 1996/97, 1998/99 and 2000/01. Mistle Thrush densities differed significantly from winter to winter, and the abundance of thrushes decreased as the season progressed. Bird density and mistletoe clump density were correlated positively. Birds held territories or congregated in flocks. The latter were sighted in the forest only during winter 1996/97, when the largest density of birds was noted. Flock size decreased progressively during that winter, but at the same time, the number of territorial birds remained stable. This suggests that by the end of the winter 1996/97 some birds from the flocks had begun to hold territories. Flocks were also seen in open areas, and displayed a preference for foraging on pastureland. Each individual territory in the forest consisted of several clumps of mistletoe on a few adjacent trees, which were defended against both conspecifics and other species such as Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Turdus merula and Dendrocopos major. The aggressive encounter rate was correlated positively with bird density but negatively with the progress of winter (the latter was correlated negatively with the berry supply). Surprisingly, it was not correlated with mistletoe clump density or temperature. During abundant berry years, the density of birds may have been so large that defending the fruit against numerous neighbors would have been energetically less profitable than communal foraging.
Gatunki inwazyjne stanowią jeden z najważniejszych problemów w ekologii, poprzez swój szkodliwy wpływ na ekosystemy, jak również na zdrowie człowieka i ekonomię. Wykrycie inwazji na wczesnym etapie, umożliwia poznanie jej mechanizmów, co z kolei zwiększa szanse skutecznego powstrzymania ekspansji obcego gatunku. W niniejszej pracy pokazano, iż orzech włoski Juglans regia stał się nowym gatunkiem inwazyjnym w wielu regionach kraju, głównie w południowej Polsce. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że przyczyną tego zjawiska są specyficzne zwyczaje żerowania i przechowywania pokarmu przez rodzime ptaki krukowate oraz zmiany w rolnictwie. Ptaki krukowate zakopują nasiona orzechów wraz z endokarpem w gruncie, preferencyjnie na polach uprawnych. Ponieważ niedawna przemiana ustroju politycznego spowodowała powszechne zaprzestanie użytkowania gruntów ornych, ukryte wcześniej nasiona orzecha włoskiego uzyskały dogodne warunki do kiełkowania na opuszczonych polach. Dodatkowo, w ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci liczebność ptaków krukowatych przebywających w pobliżu miast i wsi – gdzie przeważnie orzech włoski jest sadzony – istotnie się zwiększyła. Ważnym czynnikiem jest też prawdopodobnie ocieplenie klimatu, które może zwiększać przeżywalność i poprawiać zdolność owocowania orzechów. Niniejsza praca wskazuje, iż ptaki krukowate transportują nasiona orzecha włoskiego nawet na odległość powyżej 500 m od owocujących drzew. Prawdopodobieństwo występowania oraz liczebność orzecha na opuszczonych polach była tym większa, im mniejsza odległość do zabudowy. Zagęszczenie badanych roślin wahało się od 5 do 1099 na hektar (średnio 95 osobników na hektar). Przeciętna liczebność na badanych powierzchniach w skali krajobrazu to ponad 1900 orzechów na 1 km2, gdyż opuszczone pola stanowiły średnio 20% powierzchni badanego krajobrazu rolniczego. Niniejsze dane sugerują, iż najbardziej podatne na inwazję są tereny rolnicze położone blisko siedzib ludzkich, gdzie uprawia się orzecha włoskiego oraz gdzie licznie występują ptaki krukowate
Winter bird communities in a managed mixed oak-pine forest (Niepołomice Forest, southern Poland) were studied during winters the 1996/1997, 1998/1999, and 2000/2001 using the line-transect method. The transect (9.5 km long, 100 m wide) was conducted through three habitats: forest edge, mature, and young stands. The authors noted 5,764 individuals within the transect belonging to 33 bird species. The largest number of species was noted in mature stands – 27 (mean density: 34.0 inds/10 ha), then at the forest edge – 24 (19.4 inds/10 ha), and 18 species in young stands (25.2 inds/10 ha). The density of birds varied between winters and decreased during their course. The density of plant-eaters was significantly lower than that of invertebrate-eaters, but the total biomass of these groups did not differ. Plant-eater biomass was significantly higher in mature stands and at the forest edge than in young stands. Invertebrate-eater density was considerably lower at the forest edge, but the biomass of this trophic guild did not differ significantly among habitats. Plant-eater biomass was significantly lower during winter 1998/1999 and it is supposed that this variation in plant-eater density affects the most total variation in bird communities in the Niepołomice Forest. The authors’ results indicate that old stands are probably the most favourable habitat for some small birds in winter.
Animals often co-exist with humans inside buildings, however in birds such cases are only sporadically noted. In this paper we describe the occurrence of House Sparrows in supermarket interiors. The probability of House Sparrows presence was higher in larger markets and during winter period. The abundance and density of birds were positively and negatively related to the size of the supermarket, respectively. The birds were active at night. They foraged mainly along market shelves on bakery products, vegetables and cereals. We did not observe nesting inside market halls. The supermarkets seem to be hospitable wintering place for this species, however they may also be ecological traps imprisoning the birds once they find their way in. Moreover, House Sparrows may contaminate food, thus, the presence of such species inside supermarkets should be controlled.
In most studies of nest-site selection the data of habitat parameters are treated with analysis of variance. A basic assumption of this test is the homogeneity of variance. Here, we show that the nest-site selection process leads to lower variance of the selected parameters than in the case of random points which generally describe the available average characteristics of the environment. Thus, the variance should be accounted for in studies on nest-site selection and it should be treated not as a problem (as it is usually done), but as a source of additional important information on the selection process. Comparison only of mean values often does not lead to significant differences between nest site parameters and random points which may result from a small effect size (when animals select features similar to the general mean of available characteristics). Deeper insight into variance of the site parameters may elicit important results. We illustrate this issue with real data on nest site (islets and shores of water reservoirs) selection in the Common Gull Larus canus. Four (islet’s area, vegetation height on islets, vegetation cover on shore and distance to nearest shrub or tree on shore) from eight parameters were favored by the birds and, as predicted, their variance values were lower than of those not selected (vegetation cover on islets, distance of the islets to shoreline, vegetation height on shore and distance to water).
To test the hypothesis of random oviposition by Maculinea butterflies we investigated the oviposition patterns of M. alcon Denis & Schiffermüller in wet meadows in the Vistula valley, southern Poland, in relation to the stem length and flower number of Gentiana pneumonanthe Linnaeus foodplants as well as to their spatial distribution, the height of the surrounding vegetation and the presence of potential ant hosts. Analysis conducted for 403 gentians recorded within the 0.96 ha study plot indicated that plants with M. alcon eggs present were significantly higher and had more flowers. On the other hand, neither the local density of gentians nor the presence of ant hosts had any apparent effect on oviposition preferences of M. alcon. Our conclusion is that females of the butterfly select visually conspicuous plants as the oviposition sites regardless of their clumping or ant presence. As a consequence, the two factors do not need to be included in computer models developed to study the population dynamics of the species and its trophic interactions with foodplants and ant hosts.
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 2 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.