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One species of the genus Argyra Macquart, 1834 from China is described as new to science. The species of the genus from China are keyed, and geographic distributions are updated and discussed.
The genus Nepalomyia Hollis, 1964 is reported from Taiwan for the first time. The following 3 species are described as new to science: Nepalomyia taiwanensis, N. siveci, and N. horvati. A key is given to separate the species.
In this paper, two kinds of microbial agents – carbonate-microbe agents (CMA) and phosphate-microbe agents (PMA) – were used to remedy heavy metals in contaminated soil. Contrastive analysis of the remedying effects by CMA and PMA was obtained. Meanwhile, green vegetable cultivation and a vegetable transplanting experiment were conducted in contaminated soil that had been remedied by two kinds of microbial agents. The planting experiment clearly contributed to analysis of the remedying effect. The experimental results indicated that two kinds of microbial agents had a remarkable remedying effect on the heavy metals; the remedying effect of Cr²⁺ and Pb²⁺ by CMA was better compared with PMA, while the remedying effect of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ by PMA was better than CMA, and the remedying effect of Cu²⁺ was almost equally good by two kinds of microbial agents. Bud rate and growth momentum improved significantly in contaminated soil after remediation, the concentration of heavy metals in seedlings and vegetables was reduced greatly, and several heavy metals indices were lower than the national standards. For different heavy metals pollution, different microbial agents should be used: namely the CMA are suitable for remedying Cr²⁺ and Pb²⁺, whereas PMA are suitable for remedying Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺.
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We describe a new avian taxon (Sanshuiornis zhangi gen. et sp. nov.) from Middle Eocene black oil shales in the Huayong Formation of Guangdong Province, south China. The specimen consists of a distal tibiotarsus and a complete foot with tarsometatarsus and pedal digits in articulation. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis does not resolve the affinities of the fossil, but the bones show resemblances to some “ciconiiform” birds. The peculiar hypotarsus morphology, which is block−like and exhibits four cristae, resembles that of the early Eocene Rhynchaeites, which is a stem group representative of the Threskiornithidae. The new Chinese fossil has, however, proportionally longer legs than Rhynchaeites and its phylogenetic affinities probably cannot be resolved without further material.
Euxaldar jehucal Fennah, 1978 is redescribed. Euxaldar lenis sp. nov. is described from Southern Vietnam. Sexual dimorphism and asymmetry in male genitalia are recorded for the genus Euxaldar Fennah, 1978.
Marine information is an important way for us to know and study more about the ocean. Marine data makes the basic of marine information. Because of the huge quantity and diversity of marine data, and at the same time marine data is polyatomic variable, we start with statistical analysis methods to search for the regularity of the marine data. On one hand, we get the aggregate variation functions of the marine data by factor analyzing in aspect of the spatiality. Then we visually describe the marine status of the studied sea area with pre variogram function and post variogram function. On the other hand, we used cluster analysis method to get the verifying rule in time and make visible graphs of the marine data. In this way, we can also supply with the suggestions in classifying the sea seawater quality. The data processing result shows that the suggested methods in this article are both operable and effective. At the same time some reasonable suggestions are given in the article
The Haloxylon ammodendron natural desert forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Province, China. In this paper, H. ammodendron populations were mapped, characterized and the spatial distribution patterns and spatial associations of H. ammodendron among different life stages (seedlings – S, juveniles – J, mature – M, overmature – O) were analyzed using O-ring univariate O11(r) and bivariate O12(r) statistics. We found that: (1) H. ammodendron was a regenerating population. (2) H. ammodendron (S), H. ammodendron (J), and H. ammodendron (M) showed significant aggregations at scale 0-8 m, 0-27 m, and 0-35 m, respectively, whereas H. ammodendron (O) tended to have random distributions at almost all scales. (3) The spatial associations between different life stages of H. ammodendron tended to turn from positive to negative if their size differences are enlarged increasingly. Strongly positive associations were found at small scales for only two pairs: H. ammodendron (S)-H. ammodendron (J), H. ammodendron (J)-H. ammodendron (M).
Chromium accumulation and its effects on other mineral elements in Amaranthus viridis L. were investigated using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and resin adsorption. The aim was to understand why A. viridis can grow well in soils heavily contaminated by Cr, what the forms of Cr in soils and residues are, and what effects Cr has on the distribution of Mn. Fe, Cu and Zn in the plant. The results indicated that A. viridis is not a hyperaccumulator, although it can grow well in soil containing a high concentration of Cr. The Cr concentration in plant tissues from a contaminated site was about 11 times higher than in those from an uncontaminated site. At both the contaminated and uncontaminated sites, Cr was accumulated primarily in its shoots, and in roots in much lower concentrations. The levels of Cr in A. viridis tissues were as follows: leaf > root > stem. Cr occurred predominantly as Cr(III). There was very little Cr(VI) in the polluted soil where A. viridis grew close to a waste heap discarded by a chromium(VI) production factory. The possible mechanisms for Cr accumulation of A. viridis and the effects of Cr on uptake and accumulation of the other mineral elements in A. viridis are briefly discussed.
A new mathematical equation is introduced in this paper: w = f - 1/(b/f +(1/(f-s)-b-f)exp(kt)) where W is the size at any convenient unit of time /, s is the initial size, f is the upper asympotic size, k is the growth coefficient (k > 0), and b is the constant. The new equation encompasses the logistic equation and therefore should be considered as a generalized version of the classical logistic equation. With its additional fourth para­meter 6, the new equation yields an unfixed value of inflexion point which enables it to possess good flexibility for depicting diverse growth patterns. In order to evaluate the fitness of the new growth equation, some commonly encountered models are compared to the new one using 12 sets of somatic growth data of mammalian species including hamster, rat, vole, pika, mouse, rabbit, cattle, and bear, The new equation possesses excellent fitness to each data set, suggesting that it is worth being considered by growth data analysts.
PM₂.₅ is the top issue of air pollution in Henan Province in China, especially in autumn and winter. In order to investigate its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, monitoring data were collected in 17 cities and analyzed by using statistical methods and GIS tools. The results show that 57.16% of the entire days in 2015 met Chinese the national standard on the daily average concentration of PM₂.₅ in those 17 cities. However, 73.68% of the days in winter, 44.37% of the days in spring, 34.53% of the days in autumn, and 20.08% of the days in summer failed to meet the standard. Analysis shows the average concentration of PM₂.₅ on weekends was 8.04% higher than that of working days. The fact that the value of PM₂.₅/PM₁₀ was between 0.50 and 0.65 and that there was a high relevance between the PM₂.₅ concentration and SO₂ concentration suggests that the main air pollutants are coarse particles that are mainly released by coal burning. The positive correlation between PM₂.₅ and NO₂ reveals that vehicle exhaust emissions is another main reason for air pollution. Owing to the influence of the temperature and sunlight changes, the correlativity of PM₂.₅ concentrations and O₃ concentrations presents a remarkable difference in different seasons. The correlation coefficients are 0.003 for spring, 0.496**(p = 0.01) for summer, -0.353*(p = 0.05) for autumn, and -0.315*(p = 0.05) for winter, respectively. The method proposed in this paper has been verified and the research result is helpful for making relevant environmental policy.
Many social animals utter distress calls in the context of fear. These vocalizations may serve to attract audiences for help, warn individuals of danger, and confuse the predator. Here, we aim to assess the function of distress calls in free-living least horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus pusillus. We recorded distress calls from four allopatric colonies in mainland China. Playback trials, consisting of distress calls, silence, and noise, were presented to bats outside three bat roosts. Rhinolophus pusillus emitted long, harsh, broadband calls when under duress. Playback of distress calls induced a significant increase in bat passes at the loudspeaker in comparison with control trials. The number of recorded echolocation pulses increased 3.2–6.1 folds during playbacks of distress calls compared to playbacks of silence, and 2.9–5.2 folds compared to playbacks of noise. There was a positive association between bat passes and echolocation vocalizations. However, some bats delayed their emergence from the roost in response to distress call stimuli. Despite similar delayed responses, more bat passes were detected in the presence of allopatric distress calls than those from colony members. Overall, the results indicate that distress calls could attract and warn conspecifics in least horseshoe bats.
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