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The aim of the work was to make a systemic study of the variability of the human musculus peroneus tertius during the foetal period. Examination was made of 193 foetuses of ages ranging from 84 to 256 days after conception. The results obtained indicated that the musculus peroneus tertius was present in 83.16% of the human foetuses studied and that its intrauterine development was progressive and almost proportional. Previous studies have not revealed dimorphic or bilateral differences with respect to any of the features examined. On the basis of the examinations and bibliographical data a uniform typology of the musculus peroneus tertius variants was created and three final types were distinguished: the pithecogenic (44% cases), eugenic (34% cases) and progenic (22% cases).
The proper usage of the anatomical terminology is of paramount importance to all medical professionals. Although a multitude of studies have been devoted to issues associated with the use and application of the recent version of the anatomical terminology in both theoretical medicine and clinical practice, there are still many unresolved problems such as confusing terms, inconsistencies, and errors, including grammar and spelling mistakes. The aim of this article is to describe the current situation of the anatomical terminology and its usage in practice, as well as explain why it is so important to use precise, appropriate, and valid anatomical terms during the everyday communication among physicians from all medical branches. In this review, we discuss some confusing, obsolete, and erroneous terms that are still commonly used by many clinicians, and surgeons in particular, during the process of diagnosis and treatment. The use of these ambiguous, erroneous, and obsolete terms enhances the risk of miscommunication. We also provide some edifying examples from everyday clinical practice. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 3: 340–347)
The growth, changes in shape, topography and relation to the peritoneum of the descending colon were assessed on the basis of material taken from 178 foetuses of both sexes, aged from 72 to 236 days of pregnancy. The statistical analysis method demonstrated that the descending colon growth process occurs about a month earlier in female foetuses as compared to male ones. From the statistical point of view, the longitudinal growth of the descending colon significantly slows down in the 7th and 8th months of pregnancy, while the width of this part of the large intestine increases sharply towards the end of the foetal development period. The statistically important process of the descending colon rising over the surface of the left kidney and adrenal gland was noticed in male foetuses. This occurs approximately one month earlier in female foetuses as compared to males. The ascent of this part of the colon is accompanied by a change in its shape from straight, to curved and, finally, to wavy in the oldest age group of male foetuses. The changes in relation to the peritoneum are manifest in a gradual change in the position of this section of the intestine from the intraperitoneal, where more than 40% of the cases examined had a fully movable mesentery, to the extraperitoneal, with 14% of foetuses having a mesentery in the 8th month of pregnancy.
The authors have analysed in detail the mandibular preangular notch on the basis of 273 human cadaver mandibles. They have revealed that the pregonial notch is present in almost 90% of cases and that it is generally asymmetric and elliptical in shape. The depth and length of the anterior part of the notch is greater in males. Moreover, the preangular notch depth is greater on the right side (regardless of sex). Knowledge of the preangular notch anatomy can be useful for surgeons during reconstructive and plastic procedures on the mandibular shaft. (Folia Morphol 2012; 71, 2: 100–104)
Background: Surgical treatment for serious malocclusions and fractures of the organ of mastication is a golden standard in medicine. Procedures performed on the mandible require detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the organ. Antegonial notching constitutes a serious technical challenge for surgeons. Therefore, a detailed anatomical description of this structure, which is the subject of this paper, is essential. Materials and methods: We analysed 251 human Caucasian mandibles of identified sex and took measurements of all sections describing the mandibular antegonial notch. Depending on the proportion between sections we classified the shape of the antegonial notch into three types. The surface area of the notch was calculated. We analysed the dimorphic and bilateral differences for each of the three types of notch. We used variance analysis for the assessment of statistical difference. Results: The analysis revealed that in both men and women, regardless of body side, the type 3 antegonial notch was the most frequent. Type 3 occurred with a frequency of between 38% in men on the right side and 55.9% in women on the left side of the body. Type 1 was the least frequent. Dimorphic differences in the presence of individual types of antegonial notch were statistically significant only for the left side of the body. The symmetrical type (type 2) occurred more frequently in men (by 11%) than in women. Type 3 was found more frequently in women (by 10%) than in men. Bilateral differences in men were revealed for the frequencies of types 1 and 3. On the right side type 1 was more frequent (by 8%), and on the left side type 3 was also more frequent (by 8%). The greatest surface area was found for the asymmetrical posterior type (type 1). The smallest surface area was found for the asymmetrical anterior type 3. This difference was statistically significant with respect to the surface area of types 1 and type 2 and found for both sexes for both sides of the body. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the surface areas of types 1 or 2. Conclusions: Knowledge of the preangular notch anatomy can be useful for surgeons during reconstructive and plastic procedures on the body of the mandible. (Folia Morphol 2015; 74, 3: 365–371)
Background: The objective of the study is to evaluate the popliteal artery topography and the origin variability of its branches in human foetuses at the gestational age of from 4 to 9 months. The basis for the analysis are direct observations of classic anatomic dissections of the popliteal fossa. Possible dimorphic and bilateral differences, as well as the gestational age variability at the foetal period, were considered. A typology of popliteal artery branches will be made on the basis of the studies. Materials and methods: The research material of this study comprises 231 foetuses (including 116 males and 115 females). The foetuses were divided into five 28-day age classes. The vessels of the lower extremity were injected with LBSK 5545 latex through the femoral artery. The bilateral dissection of the popliteal artery along with its branches was performed. No visible malformations were found in the research material, and the foetuses came from spontaneous abortions and premature births. Results and Conclusions: Ten per cent of the cases featured the variations of popliteal artery terminal branches. Three most commonly seen variations are the trifurcation, anterior tibial-peroneal trunk, and high terminal division of the popliteal artery. The most common course of the superior muscular branches is that there are two large branches which are distributed from the popliteal artery at the height of the knee joint cavity and they do not distribute cutaneous branches. Sural branches are also present as two large vessels without cutaneous branches. The genicular anastomosis branches that run on their own are a typical topographic system of these branches. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 1: 71–78)
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