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1
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
Content available

The stand structure and natural regeneration of Abies alba Mill. in reserves on the northern margin of its distribution in SW Poland

100%
Szymura T. H.
Dendrobiology
|
2007
|
tom 57
55-62
The silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the area of Wał Trzebnicki is at the northern limit of its distribution in western Poland. This study was performed in three nature reserves with protected silver fir populations. The stands in these reserves were mixed, with complex spatial structure and abundant tree regeneration. The proportion of fir in stands was around 16% of DBHS, the age of trees reached around 130 years. The silver fir occurs mainly in the sapling stage, whereas the number of seedlings was very low. The results of this study show the influence of forest floor vegetation as well as litter type on the emergence of fir seedlings. The seedlings density was compared with the results of other studies from different geographical areas and stands type in Poland.
2

How does recent vegetation reflects previous systems of forest management?

100%
Szymura T. H.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2012
|
tom 60
|
nr 4
It is known that historical coppicing could lead to developing thermophilous oak forests (habitat 91I0 according to NATURA 2000, in Kwiatkowski 2004), but this management system is recently unknown in Poland. In this paper we present the results of researching the historical documentation considering past methods of forest management in Sudety Mountains foothills (Silesia, Poland, Central Europe). Results of this research show that coppicing was most popular in the period ca 1835–1890, and focused on production of high quality oak tanbark (mirror tanbark). In the end of 19th century the area of coppiced forest for tanbark production was assessed at 16,000 ha. The decline of financial efficiency of this production led to conversion of coppiced forest into high forests, applying coppice-with-standard systems as transient kind of management. The historical knowledge suggests that thermophilous oak forest vegetation, observed recently in Sudety Mts. foothills, can be considered as an effect of past forest management and also necessity of active management in order to maintain this habitat.
3
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Tradycyjna gospodarka odroslowa w Europie Srodkowej i jej wplyw na roznorodnosc biologiczna

100%
Szymura T. H.
Sylwan
|
2010
|
tom 154
|
nr 08
545-551
4

Rozmieszczenie nawłoci (Solidago spp.) na obszarze Dolnego Śląska oraz ich wpływ na różnorodność biologiczną zasiedlanych fitocenoz

63%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H.
Acta Botanica Silesiaca
|
2011
|
tom 06
In Lower Silesia, three goldenrod species introduced from North America are found: Solidago gigantea Aiton (late goldenrod), S. canadensis L. (Canadian goldenrod) and S. graminifolia (L.) Elliott. (grass-leaved goldenrod). A native species is also found: Solidago virgaurea L. (common goldenrod). Distribution of these species was surveyed using sampling plots in a 10x10 km grid. The impact of increasing cover of goldenrods on biodiversity of patches of invaded vegetation was assessed. Biodiversity was described by the number of co-occurring vascular plant species inside 100 m2 plots placed in vegetation patches with goldenrods. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was also calculated. The habitat preferences of particular Solidago species were examined. The most numerous goldenrod species in Lower Silesia were Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea, which were found in a similar number of plots. Distribution of thes two species were clumped in spatial scale of the whole study area. Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea do not differ with respect to their habitat preferences. The number of plant species as well as the Shannon-Wiener diversity index significantly decreased with increasing cover of S. canadensis and S. gigantea.
5
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Spatial variability more influential than soil pH and land relief on thermophilous vegetation in overgrown coppice oak forest

63%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2013
|
tom 82
|
nr 1
6
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The dynamics of growth and flowering of invasive Solidago species

63%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H.
Steciana
|
2015
|
tom 19
|
nr 3
Solidago species are one of the most widespread invasive species in Europe. In Central Europe, vegetation dominated by alien goldenrods can occupy vast areas. Their presence causes a decrease in the biodiversity level of numerous groups of organisms (plants, birds and insects). Alien Solidago also disturb biogeochemical cycles, as well as the primary productivity in infested ecosystems. In Central Europe, four alien Solidago species are considered as naturalized plants: late goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), Canadian goldenrod (S. canadensis L.), tall goldenrod (S. gigantea Aiton), and grass-leaved goldenrod (S. graminifolia (L.) Elliot. = Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.). To analyse the dynamics of the growth and flowering of Solidago species, an experiment was conducted in which the goldenrods were planted in pots. We examined the life history traits, which are treated as being strongly connected with the invasive abilities of these species. The height, number of ramets and percentage of flowered plants were noted at ten-day intervals from May to November over a period of four years. Two native species, often co-occurring with alien goldenrods, were analysed for comparison: European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) and common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). The analysed species reached their maximal height during the second and third years of the experiment. The highest ramets were noted in the case of Solidago altissima, S. canadensis and S. gigantea. A group of lower plants consisted of Solidago graminifolia, together with the native species S. virgaurea and T. vulgare. The number of ramets formed by S. graminifolia was more than two times larger than in the case of other species. All of the analysed species flowered during the time of observation but, grass-leaved goldenrod, was the only one among the alien species which flowered in all pots and 100% of individuals produced mature seeds. Its phenology (early flowering and seed ripening) was more similar to native species’ than to other alien Solidago. Our results suggest Solidago graminifolia has strong competitive abilities; however, its range is very limited. The reasons for the slow spread of this species in Europe – other than competitive limitations – should be considered.
7

Soil properties and light availability determine species richness and vegetation diversity in an overgrown coppice oak stand

63%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2011
|
tom 59
|
nr 3
Coppicing is uncommon in Poland; however, some remnants of a previously coppiced oak forest persist in the foothills of the Sudety Mountains (southern Poland). Some of these forests are considered as a kind of thermophilous oak forest, classified as habitat 91I0 in the European programme Natura 2000. As an example of previously coppiced sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Poland, the vegetation and environmental factors in the “Wąwoz Lipa” reserve (area 101 ha, altitude ca. 400 m a.s.l.) were surveyed. Canonical correspondence analysis showed a basic compositional gradient of vegetation related to the content of coarse fragments in the soil, light availability and soil pH. The number of species per plot was not correlated with any particular environmental variable; in general, the plant species number and cover decreased in the most exposed sites, where the heat load was highest. We hypothesize that the higher number of species in some plots was the results of an edge effect: this occurred in transitional zones between the most exposed sites, which work as refuges for light-demanding, drought-tolerant species, and less exposed sites, with vegetation typical of acidophilous oak forests. The land relief also allowed the spread of species typical of mesophilous forests, which found refuge in the shaded, wet gorges. Thus, the specific land relief, along with previous coppice management, allowed the coexistence, probably temporally, of species of plants considered typical of different habitats.
8

Podstawy teorii metazbiorowisk rolinnych

63%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M.
Acta Botanica Silesiaca
|
2015
|
tom 11
9
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Soil preferences and morphological diversity of goldenrods (Solidago L.) from south-western Poland

63%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2013
|
tom 82
|
nr 2
10
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Spatial structure of grassland patches in Poland: implications for nature conservation

63%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2019
|
tom 88
|
nr 1
Grasslands provide wide range of ecosystem services, however, their area and quality are still diminishing in Europe. Nowadays, they often create isolated patches inside “sea” of other habitats. We have examined basic structural landscape metrics of grasslands in Poland using CORINE land use database. Characteristics for both all individual patches as well as average values for 10 × 10-km grid covering Poland were examined. We also assessed the percentage of grasslands within protected areas and ecological corridors. We found that in Poland rather small patches (0.3–1 km²) dominate, usually located 200–500 m away from each other. The grasslands had clumped distribution, thus in Poland exist large areas where grasslands patches are separated kilometers from each other. Almost all indices calculated for 10 × 10-km² were correlated, i.e., in regions with high percentage of grasslands, the patches were large, more numerous, placed close to each other, and had more irregular shapes. Our results revealed that the percentage of grasslands within protected areas and ecological corridors did not differ from the average value for Poland. On the other hand, forests were significantly over-represented in protected areas and ecological corridors. These findings suggest that there is no planned scheme for grassland protection at the landscape scale in Poland. Development the scheme is urgent and needs high-quality data regarding distribution of seminatural grasslands patches. In practice, nature conservationists and managers should consider spatial processes in their plans in order to maintain grassland biodiversity.
11

Inwazje roślinne podstawy ekologiczne, modelowanie i zapobieganie

63%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M.
Acta Botanica Silesiaca
|
2016
|
tom 12
12
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Biodiversity of grasslands of Stołowe Mountains National Park

51%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H., Dradrach A., Mikolajczak Z.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Agricultura
|
2016
|
tom 15
|
nr 1
Biodiversity of grasslands depend on several factors, like abiotic conditions, management history of vegetation and landscape structure. Region of Stołowe Mountains National Park is mainly forested, the grasslands cover only 8% of the area, that is about 500 ha. Meadows are distributed in four distinctive complexes: Darnków, Pasterka east, Pasterka west, and Łężyce. The grasslands form discrete patches in forest landscape. In spite of relatively high species richness, only a few grass species (mainly Agrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra) dominated in the vegetation of grasslands. The species richness was influenced mainly by beta diversity (both among relevés and complexes), whereas Snannon-Wiener index by alpha diversity. Basic factors influencing beta diversity seems to be soil pH and affinity of particular relevé to grassland complex. Differences between old and young grasslands in species richness and Shannon-Wiener index were statistically not significant. On the area of grasslands of Stołowe Mountains National Park numerous protected and rare plant species occurred, e.g.: Traunsteinera globosa, Colchicum autumnale, Platanthera bifolia, Listera ovata, Gladiolus imbricatus, Carlina acaulis, Trollius europaeus, Lilium bulbiferum.
13
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Structure and dynamics of a mature tree stand in submontane alluvial forest of Carici ramotae-Fraxinetum in the Sudety Mts foothills (Lower Silesia, Poland)

51%
Szymura T. H., Buszczak M., Szymura M.
Dendrobiology
|
2010
|
tom 63
The structure andd ynamics of a submontane alluvial forest, with structural attributes of old-growth, in the Sudety Mts, Central Europe were examined. Stand structure was measured in circular sampling plots, and the distribution of gaps in belt transects. Past dynamic was reconstructed on the basis of analysis of events of release from suppression by inspection of growth pattern. The age distribution of canopy trees was also surveyed. The stand was dominated by ashes (Fraxinus excelsior) aged77–151 years, which created the upper layer, whereas the lower layer was dominated by dense hazel (Corylus avellana) shrubs. The analysedstandwas developedin site which was usedas a grasslandin first quarter of XIX century, but its history include several fine-scale disturbances when canopy trees were established. Recent dynamic was related to low intensity gap formation. The light conditions at the forest floor were good, and the average percentage of PPFD was 13%. Seedlings of ash and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were abundant throughout the stand. However, continuous browsing by game prevented growth of seedlings; in the sapling layer sycamore had disappeared and the number of ash saplings was strongly reduced. Regeneration was dominated by hazel of vegetative origin both in gaps and under the canopy.
14

Invasive Solidago species: how large area do they occupy and what would be the cost of their removal?

51%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H., Wolski K.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2016
|
tom 64
|
nr 1
The impact of biological invasions should be considered from ecological and economic perspective. To understand the influence of the invader, both its range and abundance should be known. Even if the range of invaders is well-known, the problem of assessing their abundance still occurs very often. In this study we report the results of an assessment of the area covered by stands of alien Solidago species in Silesia (Central Europe, south-western Poland, area ca. 30 000 km²), and estimated costs of the invaded areas recultivation. The results of field survey show that the stands of invasive Solidago species cover an area of about 130 000 hectares in S-W Poland, which is ca. 4.5% of the total area of the studied region. It was also found that the cadastral data and Corine land cover maps underestimate the area of fallowed agricultural lands. The cost of removing stands of invasive Solidago species in S-W Poland ranges from 123.24 to 266.17 million PLN, depending on the method. The method that balances reasonable costs, low environmental impact and efficiency of grassland establishment costs 180.7 million PLN for S-W Poland.
15
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Changes in forest cover in Sudety Mountains during the last 250 years: patterns, drivers, and landscape-scale implications for nature conservation

51%
Szymura T. H., Murak S., Szymura M., Radula M. W.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
|
2018
|
tom 87
|
nr 1
Historical ecology gives a reference point to explain the contemporary state of particular ecosystems as well as entire landscapes. In this study, we examined the quantitative changes in forest cover in the central part of the Sudety Massif (area ca. 1,120 km²) during the last 250 years. The information regarding forest patch distribution and its changes was derived by comparison of maps from 1747 and the 1970s drawn at scales of 1:33,000 and 1:25,000, respectively. To examine the effect of environmental variables (topography and soil conditions) and human population density on forest patch distribution and its changes (afforestation, deforestation), a set of 100 circular plots with a diameter of 1 km was established. The influence of explanatory variables was examined using regression tree methods. Changes at the level of the entire landscape were tested using a set of 25 landscape windows (5 × 5 km each). We found that the overall forest cover increased to 36.4% in the twentieth century from 30.4% in the middle of the eighteenth century. The ancient forests constituted 59% of the total forest area existing more recently. The forests in the eighteenth century occurred mostly on steep slopes, deep valley bottoms, and summits. The land relief explains more than half of the total variation in forest distribution (R² = 0.56). The effects of soil type and human population density were negligible. The contemporary forest pattern results from both land relief and the historical pattern of human population density in the middle of the eighteenth century (R² = 0.64), while the effect of soil type was negligible. The pattern of deforestation (R² = 0.53) and afforestation (R² = 0.36) results from both land relief as well as recent and nineteenth-century human population density. About 83% of the recent forest area is in physical contact with patches of the ancient forest, which provides an optimistic outlook for the migration of ancient forest species into new areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape structure reveal increased connectivity among forest patches, with potential benefits for the migration of forest species with long-range dispersal.
16

Biodiversity conservation of the vegetation adjacent to watercourses influenced by land reclamation practicies: the floodplain of the Odra River (Silesia, Poland)

51%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M., Dunajski A.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2011
|
tom 59
|
nr 4
The vegetation adjacent to watercourses is an important component of the agricultural landscape due to its influence on water quality, biodiversity and landscape permeability. The structure of the vegetation and the influence of different kinds of usage of adjacent land and watercourse maintenance has been intensively studied in an attempt to establish the most effective management system to maintain biodiversity. In the eastern part of Central Europe however, studies considering those problems are rare. In this research, the vegetation on the banks of ditches in an agricultural landscape in the southwest of Poland was examined, on the floodplain of the Odra River. The land reclamation system consisted of ditches and channels has been neglected since the period of socio-economic transformation in 1990s. The watercourses were divided into homogeneous segments with respect to the adjacent vegetation, watercourse morphology and water depth. Vascular plants species with the cover higher than 5% were noted. A total of 134 km of watercourses were divided into 536 segments, the segments were mapped with GPS receiver. The quantitative participation (QP) of each species was calculated as the sum of percentage cover multiplied by the length of the segment, and was expressed as a percentage of the sum of the QP of all species. The typology of the vegetation was created on the basis of hierarchical clustering method, using TW INSPAN software, the species – environment relations were explored by multivariate statistics (DCA and DCCA). The results showed that a few species, such as Calamagrostis epigejos, Urtica dioica, Quercus robur, Phalaris arundinacea, Prunus spinosa, Phragmites australis, and Alnus glutinosa covered more than 60% of the investigated banks. These species were able to dominate the vegetation and create distinctive assemblages. 8 vegetation types were distinguished: four of them, dominated by grasses, could be connected with the management of ditches, whereas remaining types, consisted woody plants and common reed (Phragmites australis) were results of ditch management cessation. Such cessation leads to widespread of typical forest plants species along watercourses into the areas of open fields, whereas the species typical of open habitats avoid forest neighbourhood. The influence of differed kind of agricultural usage (arable land, grassland, fallow land) was less important than the general difference between watercourses place next to forests and those in the open surrounding. The ditches morphology as well as the presence of water influenced the species composition significantly, nevertheless they were not a crucial factor influencing the surveyed vegetation.
17

Morphological and cytological diversity of goldenrods (Solidago L.) from south-western Poland

51%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H., Kreitschitz A.
Biodiversity: Research and Conservation
|
2014
|
tom Suppl.1
18

Morphological and cytological diversity of goldenrods (Solidago L. and Euthamia Nutt.) from south-western Poland

51%
Szymura M., Szymura T. H., Kreitschitz A.
Biodiversity: Research and Conservation
|
2015
|
tom 38
19

Comparison of methods for restoring meadows invaded by Solidago species

51%
Swierszcz S., Szymura M., Wolski K., Szymura T. H.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2017
|
tom 26
|
nr 3
Semi-natural meadows are valuable for maintaining biodiversity and providing a range of ecosystem services. The majority of these communities are protected by the European Natura 2000 system. However, grasslands are threatened by invasions by alien species, particularly Solidago spp. The invaders should be eradicated because of their negative impact on biodiversity, the environment, and the economy. A field experiment was conducted to compare the effect of different treatments (scalping, rototilling, and use of herbicide) on restoration of a meadow seriously invaded by Solidago spp. Fresh hay was transferred to the experimental plots to provide target meadow species seeds. Significant differences in species composition and coverage were detected between the herbicide-treated and plots that received other treatments and between the use of a rototiller and the control. Applying the herbicide glyphosate quickly reduced the cover of Solidago spp. (0.5±0.4%) and increased target species cover (84.8±13.6%). The Solidago spp. cover rates were 79.5±17.1% and 65±31.4% when scalping and rototilling were used, respectively, whereas the target species cover rates were 25.8±16% and 30±15.8%, respectively. The sward that grew after applying glyphosate had the highest forage value and resistance to cutting. These results show that short-term eradication of invasive Solidago spp. and restoration of a meadow are possible using glyphosate. However, use of a herbicide may have a negative impact on the environment and native species.
20
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Influence of land relief and soil properties on stand structure of overgrown oak forests of coppice origin with Sorbus torminalis

51%
Szymura T. H., Szymura M., Pietrzak M.
Dendrobiology
|
2014
|
tom 71
Traditional forest management as coppicing and coppicing-with-standard are recently considered as beneficial for biodiversity in woodlands. Cessation of coppicing leads to changes in stand structure and often loss of biodiversity. In contemporary Polish forestry coppicing is not applied, however some stands of coppice origin persist in Silesia until present. The overgrown coppice oak forests that cover the southern slopes at the foothills of the Sudetes Mountains (Silesia, Central Europe) are considered to be Euro-Siberian steppic woods with a Quercus sp. habitat (91I0): a priority habitat in the European Union, according to the Natura 2000 system. They support one of the largest populations of wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis Crantz) in Poland. In this study we investigated the relation of stand structure and trees parameters with environmental variables. The results showed considerable variability of stand volume, tree density and stems’ size correlated mostly with soil texture, but not nutrient content. We attributed it to soil dryness which seems to be the crucial factor controlling growth of trees. The natural regeneration of trees concentrated mostly on non-exposed sites on less acidic soils, but seedlings of wild service tree were present almost exclusively on most insolated sites, with shallow acidic soils. However, the regeneration of trees in sapling stage was restrained by browsing. Results suggest that maintaining of Sorbus torminalis requires protection against browsing, and some kind of active management is necessary to retain the observed stand structure with high proportion of wild service trees in stands on more fertile soils.
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