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Background. Modern research of health determinants and health-related behavior patterns places a particular emphasis on the assessment of physical activity levels in various social and professional groups. The deficit of physical activity has become a common cause of serious diseases. Following the ecological model of health behavior, physical activity as a biological and cultural phenomenon can be indirectly modified by such interpersonal factors as age, sex, somatic traits and education. Objectives. The aim of the present study was the identification and assessment of habitual physical activity of adult inhabitants from the Katowice Urban Area with regard to selected physical traits and social determinants. Material and methods. The study was carried out in the Katowice Urban Area in May and June, 2012-2014. The research material comprised 2,173 inhabitants, including 1,017 women and 1,156 men, aged 30 to 65 years. The respondents’ habitual physical activity was assessed with the use of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ-SF). The obtained data on the respondents’ physical activity were compared with the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations Results. The results of the study showed that the frequency and duration of high-intensity physical activity and duration of moderate-intensity physical activity were significantly greater in the male inhabitants. The age was also a significant factor affecting the levels of high-intensity physical activity in men. Body build was not a significant determinant of the frequency and duration of physical activity in both men and women from Katowice. The education level only affected the level of physical activity in men. Sex, age, and education of the respondents were statistically significant determinants of their level of fulfilment of the ACSM recommendations. Conclusions. Propagation of physical activity among adults and the elderly, and women in particular, remains a continuing challenge facing health promotion professionals.
Based on the 1999-2006 annual reports of the Regional Environmental Monitoring System, differences in somatic and functional traits were evaluated among middle school students residing in cities with different levels of cadmium and lead air pollution. The sample consisted of 240 girls and 276 boys from Jastrzębie-Zdrój and Katowice aged 13 to 15 years. Place of residence and gender were independent variables, whereas dependent variables included morphological, muscular-motor, and cardiorespiratory components of healthrelated physical fitness (H-RF). Intergroup differences (between adolescents from Jastrzębie-Zdrój and Katowice) were assessed using Student’s t-test for independent samples, separately for boys and girls. The results indicate that functional traits, in particular VO2max and motor coordination, are more sensitive to negative effects of environmental factors than anthropometric characteristics.
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Economic correlates of physical activity in adults

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Background. Physical activity plays an immensely significant role in the prevention and treatment of diseases that often lead to premature death. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between physical activity of adults and determinants of their financial situation such as steady income, per capita income, savings, and indebtedness. Material and methods. The study was carried out between 2014 and 2015 in Wrocław, Poland on a group of 4332 residents aged 18 to 64 years. The respondents’ habitual physical activity levels and income status were assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the author’s own Socio-Economic Status of Working Age People Questionnaire (S-ESQ), respectively. Results. There are positive correlations between physical activity level and socio-economic status. Steady income and per capita income are two determinants of differences in physical activity in individuals over 44 years of age. The highest level of physical activity was noted in adults with a steady income of more than USD 542 per month. Respondents with savings were also more physically active than their counterparts without savings. Finally, Wrocław residents who were without debts and who were aged 18-44 years were more physically active than were financially indebted residents. Conclusions. Actions should be undertaken to enhance physical activity of those adults remaining in a poor socio-economic situation.
Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential health benefits of peripheral strength training in women according to the ACSM protocol. Material and methods. This study involved 90 women aged 29.2±3.3 years, who performed three sets of 10 resistance exercises repeated 10-15 times with a 60% load of 1RM. Energy expenditure (EE) during the exercises was measured with the Caltrac Monitor accelerometer. Their intensity (relative EE) was expressed in kcal/min. Results were compared to the recommended volume of daily physical activity according to the proposals of Paffenbarter and colleagues. Effort of at least moderate intensity (5.5-7.4 kcal/min) was considered to be beneficial for health. Results. The average EE of the entire training was 293 kcal, resistance exercises 230 kcal and the average intensity effort was 7.3 kcal/min. It was shown that peripheral resistance training, according to the ACSM Protocol, allowed all examined women to fulfil pro-health recommendations for the volume and intensity of daily physical activity (in terms of absolute and relative energy expenditure). Conclusions. Peripheral resistance training in accordance with ACSM protocol can be recommended to women aged 25-35 as a form of implementation of pro-health recommendations in the scope of due daily energy expenditure on physical effort, as well as its intensity.
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