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Biomaterials originate from natural substances and are widely used in medicine. Although they have to satisfy many conditions to be useful for treatment, more and more research is carried out with new types of biomaterials that can help replace various tissues such as tendons and bones. Chitosan is a very promising material, revealing unique features, which makes it useful for veterinary medicine – antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability. It is also known as good scaffold material, especially when combined with other polymers. This article describes chitosan as a biomaterial and tissue engineering scaffold with possible applications in veterinary medicine.
A three-week-old Arabian female foal and a three-week-old Silesian male foal were diagnosed with carpal valgosity confirmed by radiographic evaluation. In both cases, the wire bridge method was used for treatment. After the operation, mobility restriction was recommended. Even though the foals differed significantly in weight, the outcome was good. This confirms that the wire bridge method is an effective method of treating carpal valgosity and leads to fast recovery (within 3-4 weeks).
The most popular method of repairing diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone is the use of two plates attached directly to the bone. However, the closing of tissue over the plates may be difficult. Moreover, many such fractures are open and therefore contaminated and infected. In such situations, plates cannot be applied. The use of implants fixed in the bone with polymer-coated dressing (cast transfixation) is promising, but the stabilization of bone fragments is insufficient, which can lead to the loosening of the connection between the implant and the dressing. The use of external fixators in the treatment of bone fractures, although quite common in human medicine, is still very rare in horses, No solution for diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone is currently available on the veterinary market. One possible option might be the use of an external fixator developed by the authors of the present study. The main part of the fixator consists of three metal rods with a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 23 cm, parallel to each other and placed along the long axis of the bone. In the proximal and distal parts of the device, the rods are connected by crescent-shaped plates. On these three metal rods, arms with implant connectors are mounted, attaching the fixator to the bone. It is attached to the third metacarpal bone by 6-8 self-tapping Apex pins with a diameter of 6 mm. The device was designed to meet the following requirements: ease of application and removal, small tissue trauma associated with these operations, adjustable flexibility of fixation and possible correction during treatment, low weight, easy access to the operated area and the possibility of treating an existing wound, good stabilization of bone fragments, and suitability for different types of fractures. The new fixator fully satisfies all these requirements The fixation achieved by means of the device has successfully passed strength tests, and this solution is planned to be implemented in the treatment of selected fractures in horses, especially transverse diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone.
The high anesthetic mortality rate and high number of the postanesthetic side effects in horses generates the need for precise assessment of Central Nervous System depression caused by the anesthetic agents. The factors which influence the degree of CNS depression can be human-dependent (i.e. veterinarian level of education), conditionally human-dependent (i.e. type of surgery performed) or not human-dependent (i.e. breed, individual susceptibility to anesthetics). In order to monitor and assess the level of equine anesthesia, the modified Guedel scale is used currently. There are 3 types of monitoring according to its accuracy: basic, routine and used in special cases. The monitored vital parameters can give either direct or indirect measurement on the cardiovascular and respiratory system during anesthesia. In this paper the types of measurement techniques and the practical use of ECG, pulse, eye signs, arterial blood pressure, body temperature, pulse oximetry, capnography, end tidal anesthetics concentration and blood gases were described. More parameters can be measured, but not all of them can be used in everyday practice, because of the complicated invasive technique. Currently the research are led on direct monitoring of CNS through intraanesthetic EEG analysis.
Colics in horses are a common problem, which can be life-threatening for the animal, depending on the type and severity of the disease. The case described in this article concerns surgically treated intramural hematoma of the jejunum in a 3-year-old Arabian mare. Medial laparotomy was performed in dorsal recumbency under general anesthesia. During the exploration of the abdominal cavity, highly filled intestinal loops were found along with intramural hematoma located in the jejunum. A resection of the intestinal part with extravasation was performed, and the content of the small intestine was evacuated. The postoperative treatment consisted of intravenous and general antibiotic therapy as well as intensive fluid therapy for the next 5 days. The abdominal cavity was flushed two times a day with a warm physiological solution containing heparin. After 3 days the drain was removed. After the treatment the mare returned to full health.
Diaphyseal fractures of the III metacarpal bone represent 22% of all fractures of the long bones in horses. Treatment of such cases is difficult. The most popular solution used in these types of fractures is two plates applied directly to the bone surface, but they are not applicable on contaminated and infected fractures. External fixators are quite commonly used in human medicine, although in veterinary practice there is no typical stabilizer designed for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the III metacarpal bone so far. In this study, an external semicircular fixator of our own design was used and in vitro strength tests were conducted to determine the maximum force which would lead to the destruction of non-fractured bone and fractured bone treated with the stabilizer. On the basis of the strength tests, we can conclude that the stabilizer can be strong enough to allow the horse to stand up after surgery. It also has many favorable features which make it easy to assemble and to take care of a wound, while being safe enough for the animal at the same time
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