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With a growing number of associations between daily activities and disease development, recent research has focused on understanding the contribution of lifestyle choices such as exercise. Several groups have demonstrated that exercise can improve activity, strength, aerobic capacity and emotional health. Our studies focused on the role of exercise in neurogenesis of neural progenitor cells (NPC) in the hippocampus in the context of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. The rationale is related to the fact that a substantial number of NPC are in direct proximity to the endothelium of brain microvessels, which form the BBB. The hippocampal dentate gyrus is an important site of adult neurogenesis, including the formation, survival, and integration of newly born neurons into the mature granule cell synaptic circuitry. Evidence indicates that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for learning and memory and is affected by disease conditions associated with cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. In a model of chronic methamphetamine administration, we observed decreased expression of tight junction proteins and increased BBB permeability in the hippocampus. These changes were associated with the development of significant aberrations of neural differentiation, such as a reduction in proliferating NPC and their conversion to neurons. Exercise protected against these effects by enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins, stabilizing the BBB integrity, and enhancing the neural differentiation. In addition, exercise protected against methamphetamine-induced systemic increase in inflammatory cytokine levels. These results suggest that exercise can attenuate aberrant neurotoxicity by protecting against the BBB disruption and related microenvironmental changes in the hippocampus. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This work was supported, in whole or in part, by NIH Grants DA039576, DA027569, HL126559, MH098891, and MH072567 as well as by NSC 2015/17/B/NZ7/02985
An increase in the older population infected with HIV-1 is an emerging development in HIV-1 epidemiology. Aging is connected with increased deposition of amyloid beta peptide (amyloid beta) in the brain. In the current study, we propose that amyloid beta and HIV-1 can potentiate their toxic effects at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) level. To address this notion, we employed an in vitro model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) directly exposed to HIV-1 or co-cultured with HIV-1 infected human monocytes. Exposure of HBMEC to amyloid beta (1-40) in the presence of HIV-1 resulted in a markedly increased amyloid beta binding/entry into HBMEC. We then hypothesized that HIV-1 may either increase binding/entry of externally added amyloid beta or elevate the amount of endogenously produced amyloid beta. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is known to be involved in the transport of amyloid beta across the BBB into the brain. RAGE immunoreactivity was stronger and RAGE protein levels were elevated in HBMEC exposed to HIV-1 as compared to control. In contrast, exposure to HIV-1 decreased expression of lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP1) which is the main receptor that transports amyloid beta from the brain to blood. These results indicate that HIV-1 can decrease the ability of the BBB to transport amyloid beta from the brain and thus predispose the brain to increased amyloid beta accumulation. Supported by MH072567, MH63022, and NS39254
Prokainamid powoduje wzrost zawartości żelaza, cynku i miedzi w osoczu po 3 mies. jego podawania. Zwiększona zawartość metali wydaje się być związana z mechanizmami obronnymi przeciw wolnym rodnikom indukowanym przez metabolity degradacji prokainamidu. Selen likwidując te wolne rodniki obniża poziom miedzi i żelaza w osoczu.
INTRODUCTION: The broad spectrum of the positive effects of physical activity on brain functioning is well acknowledged. Among others, it induces an improvement in mood, and a part of the rodent studies support this thesis by showing anxiolytic effects of exercise. However, the mechanism of this behavioral modification is not clear. Changes in brain metabolism may contribute to the generation of complex brain disorder phenotypes; thus, metabolomics have proven to be useful tools in studies on the central nervous system. AIM(S): The discrimination of anxiolytic level and metabolomics changes in the brain were evaluated in this study. METHOD(S): Voluntary running mice were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests (Open Field, Elevated Plus Maze, Dark/Light Box) commonly used to measure anxiety levels. Simultaneously, GC/MS analysis of hippocampal and cortical samples was performed for metabolome profiling of the running mice. RESULTS: The exercised animals showed anxiolytic behavior. Voluntary running caused an accumulation of saturated fatty acids, such as myrisitc, palmitic, heptadecanoic, and stearic acids, in the hippocampus and cortex of running mice. CONCLUSIONS: A striking observation in the present study is that a profile of saturated fatty acids that accumulates in the hippocampi and cortex of the running mice is consistent with the mixture of fatty acids that was identified as causing anxiolytic-like effects when administered to rodents.
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