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Cytomorphometry of caine cutaneous histiocytoma

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A morphometric analysis of tumoral Langerhans cells and activated macrophages was conducted using canine cutaneous tumors (65 cases of canine cutaneous histiocytoma and 7 cases of pyogranuloma). The histiocytic origin of the tumor cells was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. The parameters of the morphometric analysis included cellular and nuclear size and shape and the nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio; the variability of these features was calculated separately for each tumor. The canine cutaneous histiocytoma group was divided into four stages of regression depending on the intensity of the lymphocytic infiltration. Statistical analysis revealed that the anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and cellular pleomorphism of tumoral Langerhans cells increased, while the cellular circularity and nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio decreased with tumor regression. Activated macrophages of the pyogranuloma were significantly larger, and had larger nuclei, than tumoral Langerhans cells. Furthermore, these activated macrophages showed greater anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and a lower nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio than tumoral Langerhans cells in the first stages of tumor regression. These results indicate that tumoral Langerhans cells undergo morphologic changes during the regression of canine cutaneous histiocytoma, reflecting their maturation and differentiation. Morphometry can be a useful method for distinguishing activated macrophages from tumoral Langerhans cells.
This study presents a case of an unusually located canine T-cell lymphoma. A 5-year-old female dachshund was presented with a tumour located in the buccal mucosa. The tumour was excised, fixed, processed routinely for histopathology and stained. Microscopically, a dense infiltration of round cells with scant cytoplasm, large nuclei and numerous mitotic figures was detected within the mucosa. The tumour was diagnosed as a roundcell tumour. Subsequently, additional tumours developed in the mandibular and hock joint areas. The primary tumour was stained immunohistochemically using an antibody panel (CD3, MHCII, mast cell tryptase, CD18, CD79a). The tumour cells showed variable cytoplasmic expression of CD3, moderate-to-strong cytoplasmic or membranous expression of MHCII, and they were mast cell tryptase, CD18 and CD79a negative. The final diagnosis was T-cell lymphoma. The dog passed away within the next two months. This study revealed, that immunohistochemistry is necessary to diagnose canine oral cavity round cell tumours.
Malignant pheochromocytoma is an uncommon neoplasm in dogs. This study evaluated the histopathological and immunohistochemical profile of malignant pheochromocytoma. The report presents a case of bilateral adrenal gland tumor in a 6-year-old female golden retriever, diagnosed during necropsy. The necropsy also showed changes in other organs, i.e. heart (left ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, right ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy and infarction foci), lungs (multifocal alveolar emphysema and atelectasis). Metastases were not present. A histological examination showed that neoplastic cells were round, oval, polygonal and spindle with a high degree of anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The nuclei were small, round, oval and some were divided. The nucleoli were faintly visible, and numbered from 2 to 3. The number of mitotic figures per 400 high power fields ranged from 0 to 2. Immunohistochemical staining using an antibody panel revealed that the tumor cells were strongly positive for chromogranin A, S100 protein and neuron specific enolase, but were negative for Ki67. PCNA expression was observed in some neoplastic cells, especially in those located close to the connective tissue stroma. Malignant pheochromocytoma was diagnosed on the basis of a immunohistochemical examination and tumor morphology.
The effectiveness of the immunohistochemical method in determining Cu/Zn SOD concentrations in red blood cells of dairy cattle and farm-raised deer was evaluated by a computer-assisted analysis of microscopic images and scanning technique. Superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) concentrations in erythrocytes were determined in smears of whole blood samples collected from 16 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and 22 farm-raised deer in spring. Mouse anti-bovine SOD (Cu-Zn) monoclonal antibodies (2F5, Serotec) were used in 1:50 dilution. The degree of immunostaining for SOD in red blood cells was determined with the use of the MIDI 3DHistech Panoramic Scanner (Hungary) and 3DHistech Panoramic Viewer, NuclearQuant and MembraneQuant software. Our findings indicate that the immunohistochemical method is a useful technique for evaluating Cu/Zn SOD concentrations in red blood cells of cattle and deer.
An 8-year-old crossbred dog died suddenly with signs of shock. Necropsy revealed a cardiac tamponade caused by a perforating tumor in the right atrium. A similar tumor was found in the abdominal cavity. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examination showed that both tumors were composed of welldifferentiated pseudo-vascular structures, with endothelial cells that were positive for vimentin and von Willebrand factor, pericytes that were positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, and various amounts of collagen and reticulin fibers. The mitotic activity of tumor cells was low to moderate. Both tumors were consistent with Kaposi’s sarcoma that occurs in humans. On the basis of the histological features and immunohistochemical examination findings, both tumors were classified as Kaposi-like vascular tumors. This is the first report of a Kaposi-like vascular tumor with a unique, multicentric location and a fatal outcome in a dog.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-energy laser irradiation, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E supplementation on the apoptosis of macrophages and muscle precursor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration after bupivacaine-induced injury. The experiment was conducted on 75 gilts, divided into 5 experimental groups: I – control, II – low-energy laser irradiation, III – coenzyme Q10, IV – coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E, V – vitamin E. Muscle necrosis was induced by injection of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride. The animals were euthanized on subsequent days after injury. Samples were formalin fixed and processed routinely for histopathology. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL method. The obtained results indicate that low-energy laser irradiation has a beneficial effect on macrophages and muscle precursor cell activity during muscle post-injury regeneration and protects these cells against apoptosis. Vitamin E has a slightly lower protective effect, limited mainly to the macrophages. Coenzyme Q10 co-supplemented with vitamin E increases the activity of macrophages and muscle precursor cells, myotube and young muscle formation. Importantly, muscle precursor cells seem to be more sensitive to apoptosis than macrophages in the environment of regenerating damaged muscle.
Samples of tumours collected during necropsies or received from veterinary clinics, as well as biopsies were analysed. The anah sis revealed 2259 tumours, including 1814 (80.30%) cases from dogs, followed by 295 (13.06% ) cases from cats, 79 (3.50%) cases from horses, and 71 (3.14%) cases from exotic animals. Skin and subcutaneous tissue (45% of dogs and 48% of cats), and mammary gland (23% of dogs and 29% of cats) were the most common location of tumours. Malignant forms prevailed in dogs (59%), cats (66%), and horses (89%). The analysis revealed interesting facts concerning the middle age of dogs and cats with tumours present with a peak in nine-year-old dogs and 10-12-year-old cats.
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