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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motoneurons with no viable treatment available. A dysregulation of facilitation/inhibition coupling that forces motoneuron hypoexciatability appears to be a key mechanism of the degeneration, and preliminary results suggest that the chemogenetic increase of motoneuron activation ameliorates the disease burden. AIM(S): Here we propose a novel method of manipulating motoneuron synaptic excitation in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS, using the trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) technique, which influences both motoneuron intrinsic excitability and synaptic excitation. METHOD(S): Experiments were carried out on presymptomatic SOD1‑G93A mice. Animals were deeply anesthetized with a mix of fentanyl/medetomidine/ midazolam, artificially ventilated, and paralyzed. Intracellular recordings of triceps surae (TS) motoneurons allowed recording of monosynaptic EPSPs from electrically stimulated proprioceptive Ia afferents, which were subsequently conditioned with cathodal tsDCS of 0.1 mA. RESULTS: Cathodal polarization evoked an acute increase of the Ia EPSP amplitude recorded in TS motoneurons (max 200% of control n=10). These alterations were not matched by changes in the Ia afferent activity or motoneuron passive membrane properties, suggesting that the loci of the effects is restricted to the pre- or postsynaptic elements of the Ia synapse. Interestingly, the effects of polarization outlasted its application by at least 15 min. CONCLUSIONS: tsDCS is a potent way of manipulating motoneuron synaptic excitation and may play a role as a therapeutic method for managing ALS. However, the influence of this technique on motoneuron intrinsic excitability and disease progression remains to be elucidated. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This work was supported by NCN grant no. 2017/26/D/NZ7/00728.
Diseases transmitted by hygiene pests remain a very serious problem in spite of fast developments in science and medicine. The present study focuses on pests carrying germs that pose a threat to human health and life. The quick pace of life, the need to satisfy human needs and mass production of food sometimes result in flagrant sanitary, hygienic and epidemiological deficiencies. These irregularities are conducive to hygiene pests, which, when not held in check by proper control measures, may act more efficiently and quickly.
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Parasitic diseases in humans transmitted by vectors

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Despite the considerable progress of medicine, parasitic diseases still pose a great threat to human health and life. Among parasitic diseases, those transmitted by vectors, mainly arthropods, play a particular role. These diseases occur most frequently in the poorest countries and affect a vast part of the human population. They include malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and filariasis. This study presents those vector-transmitted diseases that are responsible for the greatest incidence and mortality of people on a global scale. Attention is focused primarily on diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, Hemiptera and ticks.
INTRODUCTION: Spinal motoneurons represent the final common pathway of the motor system. They are not static elements of the network, but alterations in the levels of physical activity or pathological mechanisms are known to affect their electrophysiological properties. Sharp intracellular recordings are the firmly established gold standard for studying motoneuron excitation/inhibition patterns in vivo in adult animals; however, until recently this technique was not available for mice. We’ve set out to create an electrophysiological setup that would allow us to perform stable intracellular recordings of mouse motoneurons in vivo in order to take advantage of numerous genetic models available for this organism. METHOD(S): Animals were anesthetized with a mix of fentanyl/medetomidine/midazolam, and a complex surgical procedure was performed, that included catheterization of the jugular vein, insertion of a tracheal tube, exposure of the triceps surae (TS) nerve, and Th13‑L2 laminectomy. Sharp glass microelectrodes were inserted into the spinal cord using motorized micromanipulator, and TS nerve was stimulated with constant current pulses in order to evoke motoneuron antidromic activation. Upon successful penetration, TS motoneurons were identified based on an “all or nothing” appearance of action potential, and passive, threshold and synaptic properties were recorded using intracellular stimulation/amplifier. At the end of the experiment, mice were euthanized with overdose of barbiturates. RESULTS: Our approach enabled us to record 2-5 motoneurons in a single experiment with stability ensuring precise measurement of passive membrane properties, intrinsic excitability, and synaptic excitation. CONCLUSIONS: We prove the feasibility of performing stable intracellular recordings of mouse spinal motoneurons in vivo, which should pave the way for future studies of motoneuron plasticity under physiological or pathological conditions. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This work was supported by NCN grant no. 2017/26/D/NZ7/00728.
Embedment-free electron microscopy (EFEM) is a new method which allows the visualisation of cytoskeleton in whole-mounted cells. In this study we employed EFEM to investigate the structure of cellular scaffolds in glioma C6 cell line. The cells were extracted with Triton X-100 that dissolves phospholipids in the membranes and removes most of cytoplasmic soluble proteins. The DNA and nuclear histones were removed with DNase I and high-salt buffer, respectively. The remaining cellular frameworks were temporary embedded in diethylene glycol distearate (DGD), sectioned and observed in transmission and scanning electron microscope after the removal of DGD. The predominant structure was the extensive meshwork of 10-20 nm filaments in the cytoplasm (cytomatrix) and 15-30 nm filaments in the nucleus (nuclear matrix). The 5 nm filaments, presumably corresponding to the actin filaments, were present in the cytomatrix, but not in the nuclear matrix. Moreover, the ultrathin (3 nm) filaments, connecting other cytoskeletal components were detected. Those are possibly identical with the previously described plectin filaments. For the first time we report the occurrence of ultrathin filaments in the nuclear matrix. Thus, in a addition to the well known cytoskeletal components (microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin microfilaments) EFEM showed a new type of filaments (the ultrathin filaments) in the cytomatrix and nuclear matrix. Further immunocytochemical studies are needed to determine the biochemical identity of the filaments observed in EFEM.
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