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This 3-year study examined the flowering phenology, total floral display, nectar and pollen production as well as bee visitation to the ornamental shrub Deutzia x carnea (Lem.) Rehd. D. x carnea bloomed from early June until the middle of July. The total flower display reached 47927 flowers per plant. The number of developed flowers strongly depended on weather conditions before and during the flowering period and fluctuated significantly during the years of study. The flower of D. x carnea lived 5 days and the persistence of an inflorescence was 11 days. Nectar productivity per 10 flowers differed significantly between the years of study and ranged between 15.7 and 40.14 mg. Mean sugar content in nectar was 39.7%. The total sugar mass in nectar per 10 flowers averaged 9.91 mg (range: 3.81 – 18.91 mg). Pollen mass per 10 flowers was 16.89 mg. The estimated sugar and pollen productivity per plant was 36.8 g and 40 g, respectively. Among bees (Apoidea), honey bees were principal visitors on Deutzia flowers. The peak of daily activity of honey bees and bumblebees occurred between 11.00 and 15.00 hrs, whereas the presence of other wild bees was noted in the morning and in the late afternoon. All bees gathered mainly nectar, but pollen collectors were also noted. The mean daily visiting rate was 0.0809 visits per flower × min-1. The use of this shrub in gardens and parks should be encouraged in order to enrich food pasture for urban Apoidea. However, its cultivation is limited to areas of mild climate and adequate water supply.
This 4-year study examined the flowering pattern, floral display, nectar and pollen production as well as insect visitation to a perennial Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. G. platypetalum bloomed from the end of May until the end of June. The pattern of flowering shows the skewed distribution with a tendency towards a more symmetrical curve. The flower display size fluctuated during the flowering season. The most intense blooming fell in the 2nd and 3rd flowering week. The flowers exhibit incomplete protandry. Nectar productivity differed significantly between and stage of flower development. Ten and flowers secreted 29.8 mg and 17.6 mg of nectar, on average, respectively, with mean sugar content of 33.9% and 43.1%. The mean total sugar mass in nectar was similar for both stages and the values were 10.2 mg and 8.2 mg, respectively. Pollen mass per 10 flowers was 19.06 mg. Bees (Apoidea) were the principal visitors on Geranium flowers. The peak of daily activity of visitors occurred between 10.00 and 14.00 hrs. The insects gathered mainly nectar. The mean visiting rate was 0.149 visit per flower×min-1. Increased use of G. platypetalum in parks and gardens is recommended in order to enrich the nectar pasture for A. mellifera and wild Apoidea.
This 3-year study examined the seasonal and daily dynamics of blooming, as well as the nectar and pollen production in Geranium sanguineum L. Moreover, the type and localization of floral nectaries were observed using LM and SEM, and measurements of pollen grains were performed. The visitation of insects on flowers was monitored, too. Geranium sanguineum bloomed from the beginning of May until the middle of July with the peak occurring between the second and the fifth week of flowering period. Most of the flower buds opened on plants in the afternoon hours. Flowers are protandrous. In a flower, nectar is secreted by five phanarothetic-discoid nectaries and it flows through modified stomata. It was found that one gland is bigger than the others. Ten flowers produced 30.58 mg of highly concentrated nectar, on average. The mean mass of total sugars secreted in nectar per 10 flowers was 7.94 mg. Pollen mass per 10 flowers was 23.14 mg, on average. Tricolpate, spherical pollen grains can be classified as very big size (sporae permagne). Flowers of G. sanguineum were visited mainly by honey bees, bumble bees and flies. Insects collected mainly nectar.
The studies concerned the variability in nectar and pollen production in flowers of 75 double-low lines of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and a reference cultivar ‘Nakielska’. Also, rates of insect visitation to flowers in 19 lines were investigated. Significant genotypic differences were found in nectar amount, sugar concentration in nectar and total nectar sugar amount. The average nectar amount/10 flowers varied from 2.3 to 24.4 mg, with a mean 14.7 mg for ‘Nakielska’. Nectar concentration for most lines exceeded 20%. The majority (52%) of the lines tested produced more than 2 mg of sugars/10 flowers in nectar. The average amounts of pollen varied from 1.2 to 12.0 mg/10 flowers, with the mean 8.5 mg for ‘Nakielska’. No clear genotypic effect on the amount of pollen/10 flowers was demonstrated. The lines did not differed significantly in their attractiveness to flower visitors. The main foragers were honey bees (93% of all visiting insects). It is concluded that the double-low lines of S. alba are comparable to conventional cultivars in their potential for nectar flow but perform poorer as pollen producers. The studies concerned the variability in nectar and pollen production in flowers of 75 double-low lines of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and a reference cultivar ‘Nakielska’. Also, rates of insect visitation to flowers in 19 lines were investigated. Significant genotypic differences were found in nectar amount, sugar concentration in nectar and total nectar sugar amount. The average nectar amount/10 flowers varied from 2.3 to 24.4 mg, with a mean 14.7 mg for ‘Nakielska’. Nectar concentration for most lines exceeded 20%. The majority (52%) of the lines tested produced more than 2 mg of sugars/10 flowers in nectar. The average amounts of pollen varied from 1.2 to 12.0 mg/10 flowers, with the mean 8.5 mg for ‘Nakielska’. No clear genotypic effect on the amount of pollen/10 flowers was demonstrated. The lines did not differed significantly in their attractiveness to flower visitors. The main foragers were honey bees (93% of all visiting insects). It is concluded that the double-low lines of S. alba are comparable to conventional cultivars in their potential for nectar flow but perform poorer as pollen producers.
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