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Numerous psychophysical, behavioural and neurological studies implicate the mammalian primary visual cortex as the ‘seat’ of visual perception. Seminal work of Hubel and Wiesel published mainly in the 60-ties of the previous century, lay down foundations for the feedforward model of receptive field properties of individual neurons in the primary visual cortices of mammals with frontally positioned eyes (e.g. domestic cats and primates). The feedforward model has been somewhat modified by the discovery (mainly in the 70-ties of the previous century) of the parallel information channels in the retino-thalamo-cortical pathway. To this day, the excitatory feedforward model remains the mainstay of our thinking about the mechanisms underlying the processing of information in the primary visual cortices. To a large extent, the excitatory feedforward hierarcho-parallel associational cortico-cortical connections are underpinning our understanding of properties of neurons in numerous ‘higher-order’ visual areas. Only in the last two decades or so a number of studies attempted to examine the role of numerically massive feedback pathways originating from the higher-order visual cortical areas in determining the responsiveness and at least some receptive field properties of neurons in the primary visual cortices.
The manuscript printed below has been written by Prof Jerzy Konorski around 1970, a few years before his death in 1973. The manuscript has not been published before. It was recently discovered in Konorski's papers deposed in the Library of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology. In his critical review Konorski debates advantages and shortcomings of the physiological approach of Pavlov and purely behavioristic approaches advocated by Hull and Skinner. He supports close cooperation o behaviorists with neurophysiologists and neuroanatomists, with focus on the investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Konorski's ideas concerning the integration of the study of behavior and neurophysiology anticipated contemporary path of neuroscience. Indeed, his approach, which at that time appeared somewhat controversial, is universally accepted by contemporary neuroscientists. By contrast, physiological theories of higher mental functions formulated by Pavlov as well as deliberately anti-physiological approaches of Skinner and Hull have all but disappeared from serious scientific discourse. However, the same problems such as strongly promoted self-importance of some branches of neuroscience, the lack of inter-communication between different branches and resulting lack of integrating ideas appear to emerge anew in each new generation of scientists. (Editors of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis).
Following circumscribed monocular retinal lesions most cells located in the lesion projection zone (LPZ) in the cat’s primary visual cortices remain binocular but their receptive fi elds (RFs) revealed by stimulation via the lesioned eye, are displaced into proximity of the lesion. The process of topographic reorganization (adaptive learning) of the visual cortex, is based on spike timing-dependent plasticity rather than the classical Hebbian rules [Young et al. (2007) Nat Neurosci 10: 887–895]. The contrast sensitivities of the classical RFs of LPZ neurons revealed by stimulation via the lesioned eye are signifi cantly lower, while the suppresive infl uences of their “silent”, extra-classical RFs are weaker than those of their counterparts revealed by stimulation via non-lesioned eye. Other properties (e.g. orientation, spatial and temporal frequency preferences) however match well the properties of RFs revealed by stimulation via non-lesioned eye. These similarities are presumably visual experience-dependent, that is, they are related to the fact that in the post-lesion period (from adolescence to maturity), the neuronal activities originating from each retina are correlated by effectively synchronized exposure to the same visual stimuli. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ectopic RFs are based on enhancement of the synaptic effi cacy of long-range, excitatory intracortical connections. Financial support: Nencki Institute, Poland; NHMRC and ARC grants, Australia.
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