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Based on monthly quantitative sampling it has been found that Alinda biplicata (Mont.) reproduces in June, July and August; juveniles grow at a rate of ca. 1 whorl/month and reach maturity in the third/fourth year of life. Adults live more than one year, the total life span being at least 4 years.
The following life history traits of D. rotundatus (O. F. Müll.) were established based on field and laboratory observations: fully calcified eggs ca 1 mm in diameter, of a size correlated with the number of parent’s whorls; 1–11 eggs per clutch; 1–178 eggs per lifetime, in 1–36 clutches; incubation period 14–36 days; egg cannibalism with a strong preference for conspecific eggs; quick growth (33–35 days per whorl) prior to maturity and slow growth in mature snails, resulting from energy expenditure for egg-laying; sexual maturity at 5.5 whorls (2nd–3rd year of life); life span 2.5–3.5 years. Isolated individuals produce fewer eggs of lower viability than individuals kept in groups, they lay their eggs later and at a larger size. Most eggs in the laboratory arelaid in June, in thefie ld themaximum of there productivepe riod falls in July/August.
Life cycle of Discus ruderatus (Fér.) was studied in the laboratory, with occasional field observations. No courtship or copulation could be observed; uniparental reproduction is very rare. In the laboratory the eggs are laid in all months, with maximum in June/July and December/January, in the field the youngest age class appears in May. The eggs are laid on rotting timber; they are calcified, nearly sphaerical, ca. 1.5 mm in major diameter; the number of eggs per batch is 1–6 (mostly 3–4), with a total of 6–15 eggs in 2–5 batches per lifetime. The incubation period is 17–34 days, hatching is nearly synchronous; the hatching success is ca. 54%. The hatchlings have shells of 1.5–2.5 whorls; they consume their egg envelopes immediately after hatching. The egg cannibalism is prolonged into adult stage. The overall mean growth rate is 1 whorl per ca. 179 days (54 days per whorl till maturity, 487 days per whorl in mature snails). The snails reach maturity at slightly over 4 whorls (mature gametes present in the gonad), the mean life span is 580 days, the reproductive life constituting ca. 35% total life span. Life cycle parameters of three members of Discus are discussed comparatively.
Growth rate and age structure of Ae. epipedostoma (Fagot) were studied based on monthly samples from a population in Muszkowice (SW. Poland). The life cycle is probably a three-year cycle: juveniles hatch from July till September, and winter over at a size of 2.6–3.5 whorls. The growth rate is ca. 0.5 whorl/month. In their second season, the snails resume growth in spring to reach 4 whorls in May-July; they reproduce in the same season and at least some of them winter over again.
Life cycle and population dynamics of Discus perspectivus (Mühlf.) were studied in the field and in the laboratory. No courtship, copulation or uniparental reproduction could be observed. The eggs, laid in June, July and August on rotting timber are calcified, ellipsoidal, ca. 1 mm in major diameter; the number of eggs per batch is 1–9 (mostly 3–4), with a total of 17–33 eggs per individual per season. The incubation period is 24–35 days, hatching is nearly synchronous; the proportion of hatching eggs laid by individuals brought from the field is 51% (for eggs brought from the field 38.7%). The hatchlings have shells of 1.8–2.3 whorls; they consume their egg envelopes immediately after hatching. The egg cannibalism is prolonged into adult stage; only conspecific eggs are consumed; juveniles eat eggs of their own and alien batches. The growth rate in the laboratory is 1 whorl per 49–188 days (slower in the field); the growth is faster in juvenile and slower in mature snails. The snails reach maturity at slightly over 5 whorls (mature gametes present in the gonad), the life span is 173–849 days, the reproductive life constituting ca. 7% total life span. In the field juveniles hatch from June till October, with the maximum in August; till their first hibernation they reach 2.6–3.5 whorls and become mature in their second season to reproduce in the same or next year. The population density exceeds 50 m-2 in summer, and ranges from 25 to 30 m-2 during the remaining seasons. D. perspectivus shows aggregated distribution in August and October, in the remaining months the distribution is even. Some laboratory-born individuals have very much elevated spires and their shells become scalariform at the level of 5.3–5.75 whorls.
In Europe the genus Discus Fitzinger, 1833 is represented by two subgenera: Gonyodiscus Fitzinger, with D. rotundatus (O. F. Müll.) and D. perspectivus (Mühlf.), and Discus s. str. with D. ruderatus (Fér.). Studies on their shell variation were to ascertain if variation among laboratory-bred individuals differed from such variation in natural populations. The number of whorls, shell height, body whorl height, aperture height, aperture width, shell major and minor diameter, umbilicus major and minor diameter, shell height/major diameter ratio, relative height of body whorl, relative umbilicus diameter and umbilicus major/minor diameter ratio were analysed. Variation ranges of most shell characters in laboratory specimens of D. rotundatus and D. ruderatus were much wider than those found in natural populations. The natural populations of each species differed statistically significantly among themselves in many characters but the differences were much smaller. Laboratory-bred D. perspectivus showed a tendency to produce scalariform shells or descending and partly detached body whorl. Laboratory-bred D. rotundatus and D. ruderatus tended to form a descending body whorl; in all three species the descending/detached part of the body whorl was formed after sexual maturity had been attained.
Comparison of quantitative samples taken in consecutive seasons of the year in a forest malacocenosis in SW Poland revealed considerable changes in the snail density per unit area; the structure of the malacocenosis remained roughly constant throughout the year. Acicula polita (Hartm.), Columella edentula (Drap.), Discus perspectivus (Mühlf.), Alinda biplicata (Mont.) and Helicodonta obvoluta (O. F. Müll.) show aggregated distribution only during a part of the year.
Growth rate and age structure of Zonitoides nitidus (O. F. Müller) were studied based on monthly samples from a population in Muszkowice (SW. Poland). The life cycle is probably a three-year cycle: juveniles hatch from June till October, and winter over at a size of 2.0–4.5 whorls. The growth rate is ca. 0.5–1.0 whorl/month.
Laboratory and field observations made it possible to ascertain the following life cycle parameters of Perforatella bidentata (Gmel.): mating includes four phases, the longest being courtship; sperm is transferred in spermatophores. Eggs are laid in winter (November–February) and summer (May–September), in batches of 2–20. They are calcified, slightly oval, ca. 1.5 × 1.8 mm. Incubation takes 8–34 days, hatching is asynchronous. Growth from hatching to maturity lasts from ca. 3 to 9 months. In the wild the youngest age class appears in July. The maximum life span is 3 years. The activity is the greatest in spring and autumn; in all seasons it is greater in the night and early morning; juveniles are more active than adults. The individual mobility is up to 5 m/month.
A specimen of Trochulus hispidus from Buchenbach, Germany, had its male and female parts of thereproductive system completely separated. The female part lacked auxiliary organs. The male part opened into the genital atrium, but the vas deferens was blind-ended in a way precluding sperm transfer.
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