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Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vascular network is a driving force of organ development in ontogeny, is necessary for ovulation and hair growth, and is prerequisite for proper wound healing. It is also a critical mechanism of numerous diseases, the most important of which are cancer and atherosclerosis. Therefore, modulation of angiogenesis is considered as therapeutic strategies of great importance for human health. Numerous bioactive plant compounds, often referred to as nutraceuticals are recently tested for the potential clinical applications. Among the most frequently studied are resveratrol, a polyphenol present in red-wine and grape-seed, epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG) from green tea and curcumin from Curcuma longa. It is also possible that components of other plants, including the constituents of local food diet may find application for modulation of angiogenesis, provided that their effectiveness will be confirmed in controlled, scientifically validated trials.
microRNAs regulate all the cellular processes, and are strongly involved in differentiation of stem cells. Disturbances in the regulation of microRNAs expression and activity may deviate the stem cells fate, impairing their differentiation and contributing to diseases initiation or progression. In this talk the role of microRNAs in certain neurological conditions will be discussed.
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme degrading heme to biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide, is involved in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. Tin protoporphyrin (SnPPIX) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPPIX) are commonly used as competitive inhibitors of HO-1. We aimed to compare the effects of SnPPIX and ZnPPIX on the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), activity of in­ducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cell viability. All experiments were per­formed on rat vascular smooth muscle cells and murine RAW264.7 macrophages treated with 3-10 ,uM protoporphyrins. Some cells were additionally stimulated with IL-1β or with lipopolysaccharide. After a 24 h incubation period SnPPIX and ZnPPIX significantly reduced the generation of VEGF in vascular smooth muscle cells and RAW264.7, both in resting and stimulated cells. The inhibitory potentials of both protoporphyrins on VEGF synthesis were very similar. In contrast, analysis of iNOS activity revealed that results obtained with different HO-1 inhibitors are discrepant.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, tasteless and colorless gas which is generated by heme oxygenase enzymes (HOs). HOs degrade heme releasing equimolar amounts of CO, iron and biliverdin, which is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. CO shares many properties with nitric oxide (NO), an established cellular messenger. Both CO and NO are involved in neural transmission and modulation of blood vessel function, including their relaxation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. CO, like NO, binds to heme proteins, although CO binds only ferrous (Fell) heme, whereas NO binds both ferrous and ferric (Felll). CO enhances the activity of guanylate cyclase although it is less potent than NO. In contrast, CO inhibits other heme proteins, such as catalase or cytochrome P450. The effects of CO on gene expression can be thus varied, depending on the cellular microenvironment and the metabolic pathway being influenced. In this review the regulation of gene expression by HO/CO in the cardiovascular system is discussed. Recent data, derived also from our studies, indicate that HO/CO are significant modulators of inflammatory reactions, influencing the underlying processes such as cell proliferation and production of cytokines and growth factors.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional activator that functions as a master regulator of cellular and systemic oxygen homeostasis. It consists of two con- stitutively produced subunits: HIF-1a and HIF-1ß. Under normoxic conditions HIF-1a undergoes hydroxylation at specific prolyl residues which leads to an imme­diate ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the a subunit. Additionally, hydroxylation of an asparaginyl residue blocks the transcriptional activity of HIF-1 due to inhibition of its interaction with co-activators. In contrast, under hypoxic conditions, abolition of prolyl hydroxylation results in HIF-1 stabilization, whereas the lack of asparaginyl hydroxylation allows the transcriptional activity. Additionally, the transcriptional activity may be modulated by phosphorylation or redox modification of HIF-1. Despite its name, HIF-1 is induced not only in response to reduced oxygen availability but also by other stimulants, such as nitric oxide, various growth factors, or direct inhibitors of prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Therefore, it seems to be a crucial transcription factor elicited by a wide range of stresses such as impaired oxygenation, inflammation, energy deprivation, or intensive proliferation. However, the mechanisms of normoxic activation, as well as of oxygen sensing, are not yet fully known. Further understanding of the processes that control HIF-1 activity will be crucial for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
In the majority of potential applications gene therapy will require an effective transfer of a transgene in vivo resulting in high-level and long-term transgene expression, all in the absence of significant toxicity or inflammatory responses. The most efficient vehicles for delivery of foreign genes to the target tissues are modified adenoviruses. Adenoviral vectors of the first generation, despite the high infection efficacy, have an essential drawback: they induce strong immune response, which leads to short term expression of the transgene, and limits their usefulness in clinical trials. In contrast, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HdAd) lacking all viral coding sequences display only minimal immunogenicity and negligible side-effects, allowing for long-term transgene expression. Thus, HdAd vehicles have become the carrier of choice for adenoviral vector-mediated experimental gene therapy, effectively used in animal models for delivery of transgenes into the liver, skeletal muscle, myocardium or brain. Strong and long-lasting expression of therapeutic genes has allowed for successful treatment of dyslipidemias, muscular dystrophy, obesity, hemophilia, and diabetes. Additionally, the large cloning capacity of HdAd, up to 37 kb, facilitates the use of physiologically regulated, endogenous promoters, instead of artificial viral promoter sequences. This enables also generation of the single vectors expressing multiple genes, which can be potentially useful for treatment of polygenic diseases. In this review we characterize the basic features of HdAd vectors and describe some of their experimental and potential clinical applications.
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