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1

Difference in physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress between Tibetan wild and cultivated barleys

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Jabeen Z., Hussain N., Wu D., Han Y., Shamsi I., Wu F., Zhang G.
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
|
2015
|
tom 37
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nr 09
Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting crop growth and yield worldwide. Barley is a species with higher salt tolerance among cereal plants and rich in genetic variation. It is quite important to understand the physiological mechanisms of genotypic difference in salt tolerance. In this study, physiological and biochemical responses of a Tibetan wild barley genotype XZ16 (salt tolerant) and a cultivated cultivar Yerong (salt sensitive) to salt stress were investigated. The results showed that the two genotypes differed dramatically in their responses to salt stress (150 and 300 mM NaCl) in terms of plant biomass, Na+ accumulation and Na+/K+ ratio in roots and shoots, chlorophyll content, xylem sap osmolarity and electrolyte leakage. XZ16 showed less biomass reduction, lower Na+/K+ ratio and electrolyte leakage, higher xylem sap osmolarity, and vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities than Yerong under 300 mM NaCl. The higher salt tolerance of XZ16 may be attributed to its lower concentration of Na+ influx or more sequestration into the vacuoles. The results indicate that the Tibetan wild barley is useful for improvement of cultivated barley in salt stress tolerance.
2

Morphological and physiological response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to natural and synthetic cytokinin sources: a comparative study

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Yasmeen A., Nouman W., Basra S. M. A., Wahid A., Hafeez-ur-Rehman, Hussain N., Afzal I.
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
|
2014
|
tom 36
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nr 12
Among the natural plant growth stimulants, moringa has attained enormous attention due to its leaf composition being enriched with cytokinin, antioxidants and minerals. Exogenous application of moringa leaf extract (MLE) improves productivity in many crops. This study investigated the potential of MLE with different dilutions, i.e., MLE0, MLE10, MLE20 and MLE30 (0, 10, 20 and 30 times diluted in water, respectively) to improve the performance of tomato. Foliage-applied water and benzylaminopurine (BAP, 50 mg L⁻¹) were taken as controls. Among treatments, foliar-applied MLE30 produced maximum vegetative and flowering branches, number of flowers and heaviest fruits per plant of tomato in comparison with synthetic BAP and other treatments. A similar increase in vegetative and flowering branches was recorded for root-applied MLE20 including BAP. Foliageapplied MLE30 also increased chlorophyll (a) pigments and leaf total soluble proteins than other stimulants used. This increase was followed by enhanced antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total phenolics in leaves and fruit lycopene contents of tomato. In general, foliar application of MLE30 was more effective as natural biostimulant to improve growth, productivity and fruit quality of tomato as compared to synthetic BAP and its root application.
3

Amelioration of hepato-renal toxicity by a flavonoid - rich fraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinenses (leaves and flowers) in male rabbits intoxicated by cadmium

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Hussain N., Chaudhary M. N., Anjum A. A., Abbas N., Zaheer M., Mustafa G., Majid M.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2017
|
tom 26
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nr 4
This study was initiated to anticipate the potential protective effects of flavonoid-rich fractions of Hibiscus rosa-sinenses flowers (HF) and leaves (HL) on cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in adult albino rabbits. Cd, being a prominent environmental pollutant, poses a threat for its widespread range of toxic expressions. A dramatic increase in total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity has been observed in flavonoid-rich fractions of HF and HL as compared to their crude extracts, suggesting for the rationale for their use in this study. Thirty-six male rabbits were indiscriminately allocated into six groups, including control, Cd (6.1 mg Cd/kg/day), HF and HL (200 mg HF & HL /Kg/day), Cd+HF, and Cd+HL (receiving the same doses of Cd, HF, and HL) groups. Treatment (p.o) for 60 days resulted in improvement of weight gain in Cd+HF and Cd+HL groups in comparison with the Cd group. Treatment with Cd+HF showed better results than Cd+HL by significantly decreasing (p<0.05) transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), and creatinine and urea levels, while total bilirubin and albumin were increased on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th days in a progressive manner when compared with the Cd receiving group. Likewise, the Cd+HF group showed better activities than Cd+HL by significantly increasing (p<0.05) superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamins C and E, while LPO and Cd concentrations were significantly decreased in the liver and kidney tissues when compared with Cd-intoxicated bucks. Values of these parameters in only HF and HL-receiving groups were near the control. The histopathological studies for these tissues have also sustained the above-mentioned data. Thus, these outcomes suggest that the flavonoid-rich fraction of HF may act as a potent hepatic and renal protective agent than HL against Cd-induced toxicity in animal models.
4

Investigating the ameliorative potential of the Aloe barbadensis aqueous fraction on oxidative stress markers and biochemical parameters in cadmium-intoxicated rabbits

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Hussain N., Chaudhary M. N., Anjum A. A., Abbas N., Khan M. N., Nadeem S. M.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2016
|
tom 25
|
nr 6
This study was conducted to evaluate the possible protective effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction of Aloe barbadensis leaf skin on cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in male albino rabbits. Cadmium is a notable environmental pollutant due to its wider range of toxic manifestations. The aqueous fraction of aloe extract (AAF) showed higher phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity among other fractions, suggesting its rationale use in this study. Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group (receiving only vehicle), the Cd group (receiving Cd, 5.1 mg/kg/day), the AAF groups (receiving AAF, 200 mg/Kg/day), and the Cd+AAF group (receiving the same concentrations as the Cd and AAF groups). Oral treatment over a period of 40 days significantly increased (p<0.05) biochemical marker enzymes, including transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, creatinine, and urea, while total bilirubin (Tb) and albumin were decreased on days 10, 20, 30, and 40 in the Cd group as compared to control. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in enzyme levels and increases in Tb and albumin for Cd+AAF were observed as compared to Cd-treated rabbits. Contents of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamins C and E in liver and kidney tissues were significantly increased (p<0.05), while cadmium content was significantly decreased (p<0.05) for Cd+AAF rabbits as compared to Cd-intoxicated rabbits. Values of all the parameters in only the AAF group were near to control. The histopathological studies for liver and kidney have also supported the Cd+AAF group markedly reducing the toxicity of Cd in both tissues to near normal. Thus, the results suggest that the flavonoid-rich fraction of AAF may act as a natural protective agent against Cd toxicity via suppressing oxidative stress due to higher antioxidant activity.
5

The differences in physiological responses, ultrastructure changes, and Na plus subcellular distribution under salt stress among the barley genotypes differing in salt tolerance

100%
Jabeen Z., Hussain N., Han Y., Shah M. J., Zeng F., Zeng J., Zhang G.
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
|
2014
|
tom 36
|
nr 09
Plants adopt several strategies to maintain cellular ion homeostasis, including physiological, biochemical, cellular, subcellular, and molecular mechanisms for fighting against salt stress. We investigated the responses of tolerant Tibetan wild barley (XZ16), tolerant (CM72) and sensitive (Gairdner) barley cultivars at physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. The results revealed that salinity induced a significantly greater reduction in total root length, surface area, diameter, and total volume in Gairdner than in CM72 and XZ16. Analysis of gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR showed that transcripts of vacuolar H⁺-ATPase and inorganic pyrophosphatase (HvHVA/68 and HvHVP1) were more abundant in leaves and roots of XZ16 and CM72 than those of Gairdner. Observation of electron microscopy detected the difference in the damage of leaf and root ultrastructure among the three genotypes under salt stress, with XZ16 and Gairdner being least and most affected, respectively. Subcellular study showed that a primary strategy to protect the cytosol against sodium toxicity was compartmentalization of sodium ions into soluble fraction (vacuoles). Gairdner showed drastically stronger sodium-specific fluorescence visualized by CoroNa-Green, a sodium-specific fluorophore, than CM72 and XZ16.
6

Climate change variability trends and implications for freshwater resources in Pakistan’s eastern Hindu Kush region

84%
Hussain N., Ali S., Hussain A., Ali S., Khan S. W., Raza G., Abbas Q., Hussain I., Hussain M.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2018
|
tom 27
|
nr 2
Due to climate change, the world average surface temperature has increased 0.3-0.6ºC over the past 100 years. The northern belt of Pakistan holds the largest storage of freshwater (ice and snow) after the polar region, and provides water to the downstream population for agriculture plus domestic and hydropower resources. This study focuses on a possible explanation for the seemingly declining behavior of Darkut Glacier using evidence from ground observation and climate station data in Yasin and Gupis valleys in northern Pakistan. We analyzed data obtained from two stations includes the Water and Power Development Authority of Pakistan (WAPDA, 1995-2010) and the Pakistan Meteorology Department (PMD, 1986-2015). Results of both climate station data depicted an increase in total precipitation and a decrease in winter and spring seasons. The study also highlighted an increase in mean minimum and maximum temperatures, particularly in winter and spring. Similarly, the trend of solar radiation also has decreased. Therefore, enhanced snout fluctuation and the melting rate of Darkut occurred during the study period. All of these changes have had a negative impact on the snout of the glacier, which has retreated 6 m during 2013 and 2016, and a lake has formed behind the terminal moraine.
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