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The effects of stress conditions in a polluted environment on the reproductive processes of plants were studied for two successive years. Vicia cracca is a component of the spontaneous green belt at the base of a copper processing post-flotation waste reservoir (Żelazny Most, Legnica-Głogów Copper Basin, Silesia, Poland). Plants from the site were compared with plants derived from seeds harvested from the contaminated site which grew in non-polluted soil on an experimental plot near Cracow. Almost all of the studied flowers showed degenerative tapetal processes in ~50% of the anthers, starting simultaneously in various stages of meiotic divisions in the pollen mother cells. At the tetrad stage nearly 50% of the anthers contained wholly degenerated tetrads. Disturbances in meiosis increased the amount of degenerated pollen grains. The proportion of potentially functional pollen grains was 47% in 1997 and 56% in 1998; in the control material the corresponding proportions were 87% and 84% (1998 and 1999). Various kinds of developmental disturbances and degenerative processes eliminated some of the ovules from the seed production. The percentages of ovules forming seeds was 56% and 59% in successive years (85% and 87% in the control). Most of the disturbances and degeneration can be attributed to the combined negative impacts of specific environmental factors.
Origin of embryo sacs was examined in further two Alchemilla species: A. acutiloba and A. montícola. The central region of multicellular archesporium shows meiotic tendencies but as a rule, the meiotic division did not advance further than up to I ptophase. Apomeiotic embryo sacs arise from unreduced cells, either from megaspore mother cells (diplospory) or from cells of somatic character (apospory). In the same ovule a few embryo sacs of both types may be formed. Usually only one of them reaches a distinct prevalence and the full maturity.
The paper deals with the embryology of Aphanes arvensis L. and refers to plant material from Poland. Examination of various developmental stages revealed most characteristic features of sexual reproduction. Only a few ovules showed a tendency to elementary apomictic processes in the form of sporadically observed initial cells or young aposporous embryo sacs. The apomictic processes were not continued, but there is reason to believe they could be completed in some ovules. The results are discussed in a taxonomic context.
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