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Within the Jura Landscape Parks there are water courses running along steep slopes of mountain character and others of lowland type. Only two springs have been listed as natural monuments. The remaining are not protected at all and, in fact, some have been virtually destroyed. The most important threat to springs are depression sinks occurring as an aftermath of mining activity. There is also detrioration of water quality due to atmospheric pollutants and poisoning waters by municipal sewage and industrial effluents.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We investigated the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and anxietylike behavior of mice after damage to the projections from the locus coeruleus as a result of a single administration (50 mg/kg) of DSP-4 that is a selective neurotoxin of central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. METHODS: Adult male Swiss mice were divided into 2 groups whose behavior was examined for 3 and 15 days. Brain sections were examined immunohistochemically (IMH) 4 and 16 after the injection of DSP-4. I group was tested in open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) 3 days after injection of DSP-4 (n=4) or saline (n=8). 4 days after the injection the brains were dissected and investigated by immunohistochemistry. In II group the same behavioral and IMH procedures were performed 15 and 16 days after injection of DSP-4 (n=4) or saline (n=8). Cell proliferation was determined using 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine. RESULTS: In I group there were no significant changes in mice behavior in OF and EPM.  In II group a significant effect of administration of DSP-4 on behavior of mice was observed only in the OF, no differences were observed in the EPM. The immunohistochemical studies in group I revealed significant decrease in number of proliferating cells in all examined section as compared to the control group. In group II an increased number of proliferating cells was found in all experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the reduced level of noradrenaline in brain that could have been produced by administration of DSP-4 may increase anxiety-like behavior in mice. The lesions of noradrenergic neurons caused by DSP-4 inhibit cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus but do not damage the progenitor cells which produce granule neurons in the hippocampus.
We assesed the effectiveness of coping with stress during a 30 hours driving course by people with different levels of stress. Volunteers aged 18–30 took participated: 8 women and 7 men in the control group, and 9 women and 9 men preparing for the exam. Before the start of the course all participants took the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Saliva samples to measure cortisol were collected from each of the participants: before the start of the course, before the 1st, 13th and 28th driving hour. Blood pressure was measured: before the course, during the 15th hour and the 30th hour of the course. Participants in the control group had one saliva sample taken and their blood pressure was measured once. The results suggest that the hour of the course is related to the level of the cortisol – the highest level is achieved before the first hour of the course and then it decreases in time (ANOVA: F3,64=14.9, P<0.001). Systolic pressure is related to the hour of the course (F2,48=11.3, P<0.001) and it reaches its peak before the state exam. There is a similar relation in case of diastolic pressure (F2,51=6.4, P=0.003). CISS test has shown that there are differences in copying with stress (between sexes as well as age-related).
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Biomarkers are biological indicators that permit qualitative study and quantitative evaluation of various conditions, phenomena or biological features. In modern medicine biomarkers are used for precise and relatively easy diagnosis of chronic diseases, and the assessment of likelihood of their occurrence. Nowadays, it is intensively explored research area for new therapies and biochemical, physiological, histological, morphological, or behavioral types of biomarkers are distinguished. The aim was to explain previously poorly explored correlation between biological markers of stress and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and systematization of knowledge. METHODS: PubMed search was used to find the available literature data, key words: biomarkers, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, blood, cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta resulting in impairing the motor skills, cognitive process and other function. However, it has been shown that noradrenergic (NAergic) cells from the locus coeruleus also degenerate in this disease. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is manifested by neocortical and hippocampal atrophy, the deposition of Aβ peptides and the formation of neurofibrillar tangles. AD is a progressive degeneration of cholinergic nuclei in the basal forebrain and of NAergic nuclei in the brainstem. It is considered that neuronal loss is greater in NAergic neurons than cholinergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Presented is a succinct review of the role and designation of biological markers in neurodegenerative diseases.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This interdisciplinary project, linking neurophysiology, neuroendocrinology and psychology, aims to explore biomarkers of stress among rescue personnel under emergency situations (catastrophe) and correlating the results of psychophysical features. We expect that an catastrophe produces significant changes in the concentration of biological indicators of stress that may be related to differences in the style of coping with stress. Our hypothesis is that the differences in the concentrations of biomarkers of stress depend on the temperament and ability to learn, assessed by appropriately selected psychological tests. Furthermore, the released hormones affect behavior and, therefore, performance.  The expected results will explain and systematize knowledge about so far poorly explored correlation between the biological markers of stress and psychological parameters in selected professional group. METHODS: The harmful effect of the stressor interpreted as a threat to the individual can affect a variety of intellectual functions. According to Janis (1982) stress is the cause of disturbances in the evaluation and decision-making because it replaces creative ways of responding with rigid and stereotyped thinking (Zimbardo 1999). Activity of the endocrine system will be measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while ability to learn, style of coping with stress and temperament would be measured using carefully selected questionnaires and psychological tests under psychologist supervision. RESULTS: In our preliminary research we found that stress associated with start of the practical driving course caused a rise in salivary cortisol that depended only on the time of sampling. CONCLUSIONS: The results may be important by contributing to the development of biological tests to assist in determining the effectiveness of performance under stress conditions. The approach is discussed in the context of current research in the world.
BACKGROUNDANDAIMS: The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is a part of “the extended amygdala”, a formation responsible for emotional aspects of behavior. The BST is considered as a site of convergence of information from brain regions associated with the control of emotional, cognitive, autonomic and behavioral responsesto stress and noxiousstimuli. On the basis of our previousstudy we assumed that the BST also influenced the primary antitumor immune response. In the present study we investigated the influence of 14-day electrical stimulation of the BST on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and behavioral response. METHODS: Male Wistar rats implanted with electrodes into the BST were divided into groups: BST stimulated and BST sham. The intensity of stimulation current (120–160 µA; 50 Hz) was determined individually for each stimulated rat to induce a behavioral response such a locomotor reaction. The current intensity was raised incrementally in 30 s trials (30 trials/day, 20 s rest between the trials). Behavioral reaction was measured in the Opto Varimex Minor actometer during stimulation procedure. BDNF was detected during immunofluorescence procedure. RESULTS: The stimulation of the BST caused induction of BDNF expression in brain cortical and subcortical motor structures: the frontal primary motor cortex (areas FR1 and FR2), prefrontal cortex, ventral tagmental area, as well as in the central amygdala nucleus and in the hypothalamus: the paraventricular and the supraoptic nuclei, the medial preoptic and the lateral areas positively correlated with the augmentation of the behavioral activity which appeared as locomotor activity (increase in the average number of movements in horizontal and vertical plane). CONCLUSION: This suggests that the behavioral outcome of the BST stimulation, imitating physical exercise, could be responsible for brain BDNF synthesis observed in the study. Supported by: NN303819040.
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