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Some chemical properties, anthocyanin and total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of some rosa products namely petals, syrups, jams and leavens were determined. Antimicrobial activities of rose petals and rosa leavens were also investigated. Total dry matter, total soluble solids, ash, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugar, sucrose, total sugar, color (L, a, b), total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (β-caroten bleaching method, DPPH free radical-scavenging activity (IC50), TEAC, (IC50)) of rosa petals were determined as 18.43%; 10.35%; 0.90%; 5.30; 0.99%; 4.66 g·100 g–1; 1.72 g·100 g–1; 6.38 g·100 g–1; 38.98; +17.3; –3.44; 481.54 μg GAE·mg–1 sample; 88.6%; 0.97 µg·ml–1; 9.36 µg·ml–1, respectively. Rosa petals and leavens extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter lwoffii, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis GM 2644, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 and Yersinia enterocolitica. In rosa leaven, the sample types were found effective significantly (p < 0.01) on total dry matter, total soluble solids, ash, titratable acidity, pH; L and b values; total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. In rosa syrup, the sample types were found effective significantly (p < 0.01) on total dry matter, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, L, a, b, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. In rosa jam, the sample types were found effective significantly (p < 0.01) on total dry matter, total soluble solids, ash, titratable acidity, pH, total sugar, sucrose, reducing sugar, HMF, a value, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.
In this study in vitro pollen viability and germination in intact pollens and pollen tube growth in germinated pollens of five common pomegranate cultivars grown in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was investigated first time. Pollen viability varied from 36.73% (cv. Konjski Zub) to 51.80% (cv. Barski) in fluorescent diacetat (FDA) test. The average pollen germination percentages were found as the lowest 6.83% in cv. Konjski Zub and the highest 42.51% in cv Glavas. Among the germination media in general 0.2 agar + 10% sucrose+5 ppm H₃BO₃ gave better results to obtain higher pollen germination for all cultivars. In germinated pollens of these five cultivars, significant differences were observed on pollen tube length. Average pollen tube lengths in germinated pollens of five cultivars were measured as minimum 302 μm in cv. Konjski Zub and as maximum 344 μm in cv. Ciparski. The results showed that there were obvious differences in pollen germinability among cultivars growing under the same environmental conditions and these differences must be considered for orchard establishment to obtain higher yield.
Pistillate flower abortion (PFA) in walnuts is defined as the drop of female flowers with or without pedicles within 10–15 days after flowering. This situation is commonly observed in some walnut cultivars causes dramatic yield losses. ‘Şebin’ is a popular walnut cultivar among farmers in Turkey due to the quality of its fruit, yield and ease of marketability. However, in some orchards, established with this cultivar, has a fruitlessness problem. In the present study, the effects of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, the commercial brand name is ReTain) (0, 62.5 and 125 ppm doses) and AVG plus GA3 (45, 135 and 270 ppm doses) treatments to prevent abortion in cv. ‘Şebin’ were investigated. The experiments were conducted in two different ecologies. The treatments were carried out just before the receptivity period of female flowers of cv. ‘Şebin’. The results showed that, the female flower abortion ratio of ‘Şebin’ walnut cultivar were 87.78% in Tokat ecology and 77.78% in Niksar ecology. The fruit set ratio by 125 ppm AVG treatment was determined to be 60.89% for Niksar and 57.56% for Tokat ecological conditions. The highest fruit set was obtained from 125 ppm AVG combined 270 ppm GA3 treatment and this ratio was determined to be 93.89% for Niksar ecological conditions whereas it was determined to be 83.33% for Tokat ecological conditions. As a result, it was found that AVG alone or in combination with GA3 is effective treatments in reducing female flower abortion for ‘Şebin’ walnut cultivar.
Turkey is one of the most important walnut producers in the world. The aim of this study to select superior walnut genotypes among the walnut seedling populations naturally grown in Gumushacikoy district of Amasya province located in Inner Anatolia between 2010–2011 years. In the study, a large number walnut genotypes in Inner Anatolia were screened according to selection criteria and after evaluation twenty promising walnut genotypes were selected as cultivar candidate among genotypes. The average fruit weights, kernel weights and kernel ratios were ranged from 8.93 to 13.92 g, 4.62 to 7.36 g and 47.80 to 58.98% among twenty promising walnut genotypes, respectively. Measurements of fruit dimensions showed that the average fruit length, width and heights were found between 42.80–29.97 mm; 25.73–34.77 mm and 28.86–33.85 mm, respectively. Considering 20 promising walnut selections, 11, 5 and 4 genotypes had been found protandry, protogyny and homogamy. The chemical analyses showed that protein, crude oil and ash contents of selected twenty walnut genotypes were between 13.75–19.69%; 44.08– 70.81% and 1.53–2.15%, respectively.
In this study, gene action, genetic variances (δ2A and δ2D ), and combining abilities were estimated for fruit related traits using North Carolina Design ІІ (NCD ІІ) for ten different parental genotypes of greenhouse cucumber. This experiment was performed over a two-year period from 2014 to 2015. The variance components of male, female, and male × female were found to be significant for all the studied traits in a combined analysis of variance. Genetic component analysis showed that fruit diameter, fruit length, total fruit weight, fruit number in early picking and fruit number per node were predominantly under the additive gene action, but internode length and plant height were under the dominance of gene action. Male × female × environment interaction was significant for total fruit weight. The highest general combining ability (GCA) effect for total fruit yield was observed in Zohal (male parent) and YaldaR2 (female parent) genotypes. GCA estimation revealed that male parent of Adrian 4510 provided good general combiners for total fruit number. Specific combining ability (SCA) estimation determined the suitability of Janeete × Adrian 4510. Salar hybrid exhibited higher positive SCA effects for total fruit yield and total fruit number in early picking.
There are seed propagated walnut (Juglans regia L.) populations with the vast genetic variation in different part of Turkey. There are also lots of monoecious and dichogamous genotypes in Turkey due to continuing sexual propagation. This study was conducted to determine genetic variability and to select superior walnut genotypes within seedling population grown in Kemah district in Eastern Anatolia during 2009–2012. In the study over 25.000 walnut trees were examined with high heterozygosis from point of yield (lateral fruitfulness), tolerance to anthracnose, bacterial blight and nut quality parameters. The ratio of lateral fruitfulness of selected genotypes was ranged from 50 to 80%. Leafing time in selected genotypes are found medium group according to international well-known ‘Franquette’ cultivar that is late leafing characteristic. Nut weight, length, diameter (at suture) and shell thickness varied from 11.18 to 15.20 g, 32.55 to 36.62 mm, 31.58 to 36.15 mm and 1.11 to 2.33 mm, respectively. Kernel weight and percentage varied from 6.14 g to 8.00 g and 47.08 to 58.57%. Kernel fat and protein content were between 55.18 to 65.70% and 14.70 to 20.10%, respectively.
Effect of two doses of calcium nitrate (2 and 4%), boric acid (1.5 and 3%) and GA3 (50 and 75 ppm) on yield, fruit characteristics, cracking and sunburn of pomegranate cv. Hicaznar was carried out in a commercial orchard. Calcium nitrate, boric acid and GA3 applications have been done during blossoming period and one month after blossoming. The fruit yield has been increased by both doses of calcium nitrate and the 3% boric acid dose in the first year while GA3’s 50 ppm dose had an improving effect in the second year. In the first year, all treatments increased the average fruit weight while in the second year only the 2% calcium nitrate and 3% boric acid were found to be effective. The 3% boric acid treatments reduced the rate of cracking of the fruits in first year and in the second year all treatments reduced cracking and the best results were obtained in the applications of GA3 and calcium nitrate. The 4% calcium nitrate application reduced the sunburn in the pomegranate fruits and 2% calcium nitrate application increased the amount of the total soluble solids.
Turkey is rich in terms of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) germplasm resources. The country also has traditional cornelian cherry production for a long time. The purpose of this study was to assess the chemical properties, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content in the fruits of five cornelian cherry genotypes grown in Coruh valley of Turkey. The total phenolics content, total antioxidant activity and the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of cornelian cherry fruit extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, ȕ-carotene bleaching, and pH-differential method respectively. The individual anthocyanins of cornelian cherry fruits were analyzed by using HPLC. The results showed that three anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-rutinozit chloride, delphinidin chloride, peonidin-3-O- -glucoside chloride) were found in cornelian cherry fruits. There was a significant difference on total anthocyanin content among genotypes. The highest total anthocyanin content was recorded in genotype 1 (342 mg·100 ml-1) whereas genotype 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 276; 271; 239 and 262 mg·100 ml-1 total anthocyanin content, respectively. The major anthocyanin in cornelian cherry fruits was cyanidin-3-O-rutinozit chloride followed by delphinidin chloride and peonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, respectively.
Pomegranate is one of the most important ancient fruit in Turkey where planting of pomegranate has increased rapidly in recent years. This study described desirable pomological and chemical traits of seventeen pomegranate genotypes selected from Narlidere district (Bitlis) in between 2010–2011 years. We found considerable variation on fruit weight, aril weight, fruit length and fruit width that important for pomegranate breeding ranged from 99.77 (N-15) to 515.97 g (N-05), 14.16 (N-01) to 41.92 g (N-10), 51.03 (N-15) to 90.99 mm (N-05) and 58.99 (N-03) to 103.11 mm (N-05) among genotypes, respectively. Chemical parameters are also considerable varied among genotypes and Soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH and juice yield of genotypes varied between 5.96 (N-02) to 9.13% (N-03), 0.12 (N-12) to 0.91% (N-14), 2.51 (N-14) to 4.52 (N-10) and 48.58 (N-06) to72.07% (N-01), respectively. Many genotypes were found to be promising both fresh consumption and processing. Promising genotypes indicate it’s importance as genetic resources and they have potential for future use in pomegranate breeding activities.
This study evaluated the development of above and under ground parts of strawberry plants cvs. 'Fern' and 'Camarosa1 in a glasshouse using perlite, forest soil, finpeat, peat, finpeat+perlite (1:1) and peat+perlite (1:1) as substrates. The effects of different growing media on development of above and under ground parts of plant were statistically significant. The highest number of primary roots per plant, length of the most developed roots and number of crowns per runner were obtained from perlite, finpeat+perlite and peat medium, respectively, in both cultivars. The runner length, number of runners per plant, leaf area, fresh root weight and dry root weight varied between cultivars according to growth medium. In general peat, finpeat or finpeat+perlite gave the best results in terms of above and under ground parts of plants in both cultivars. Some important properties such as water retention capacity, cation exchangeable capacity, pH, porosity etc. of growing media using in this study were also determined.
In this study the use of 73 bacteria, isolated from rhizosphere area of tea (Camellia sinensis) plants in Black Sea Region in Turkey, as potential biocontrol agent against root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani that was known as an important disease on potato and bean plants in Turkey and in the world were investigated. In in vitro conditions, 73 bacteria used for antagonistic tests, and 15 out of 74 were found to be effective against R. solani and formed between 0.20–2.30 cm inhibition zone and inhibited mycelium development of the pathogen. In vivo pot experiment also showed that antagonist bacteria strains had various level inhibition effect (between 12% and 83%) on R. solani compared to control. The study revealed that biocontrol agents might play an essential role in management of root rot diseases in potato and bean.
Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is an important wild edible fruits naturally grown in black sea region in Turkey. Shape attributes of twenty-one cherry laurel accessions were determined both descriptively and based on elliptic Fourier analysis first time in the literature. In the semantic evaluation, shape of most of the accessions was near to sphere. But, the results of the descriptive data showed that the accessions had different size, shape and gravimetric attributes. The accessions such as 30023, 30024 and 30027 had the highest means as to the gravimetric and size attributes, while the means of the 20043, 30028 and 30030 accessions were found to be the lowest. The sphericity data of 30019, 30028, 30030 and 30033 accessions had the highest means ranged between 96.2 and 97.8%. The cluster test divided the accessions to five subclasses. The genotypes in the 5th cluster had the highest gravimetric and size attributes than the other accessions. While the accessions in the 1st cluster were the highest sphericity mean, they had the lowest gravimetric and size attributes.
Blackberry and mulberry are main berry crops grown in Black Sea region mostly in humid shade forest areas and its important for local people’s diet and also important for the maintenance of their health and prevention of disease. Present study aimed to determine the content of vitamin C, organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), sugars (glucose and fructose) and phenolic compounds (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid), as well as antioxidant capacity (Trolox Equivalent Antioxi-dant Capacity, TEAC assay) in the wild grown blackberry and mulberry fruit. Among phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid was the predominant for all wild grown blackberries, white and black mulberries. The presence of oxalic acid was only detected in the wild blackberry genotype. As a result, the phytochemical recognition of the wild grown blackberry, black and white mulberries might contribute to forthcoming investigations for developing the efficiency of food industry.
The pine processionary moth, Taumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller) is one of the most widespread defoliator insects found in the forest areas of Turkey. Although different methods have been used to control this major forest pest up to now, the problem is still going on largely unsolved in the forest areas of Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine larvicidal effects of extracts obtained from six different plant species, Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Nepeta meyeri Benth., Satureja hortensis L., Origanum onites L., O. rotundifolium Boiss., Tanacetum argyrophyllum (C. Koch) and on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of T. pityocampa in laboratory conditions.Test the toxicity of six plant extracts against to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of T. pityocampa, 10 larvae of this insect with 15 gr amounts fresh needles (1 year old) of Pinus brutia were placed to Petri dishes (9 × 1.5 cm deep). Each dose was dissolved in acetone and 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg of the plant extracts found in 1 ml solution were sprayed on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of T. pityocampa in the Petri dishes, corresponding to 2.08, 4.16 and 8.33 mg·l -1 air concentrations. Petri dishes were covered with a lid. All tests carried out at 26ºC (±2), 60% (±5) relative humidity and 14/10 h light/dark photoperiod in laboratory conditions. When exposure, mortality of the larvae was after the determined at 24, 48 and 96 h. Petri dish applied with sterile water and acetone were used as control group. All the tests were made in triplicate. The results showed that six plant exracts have a larvicidal effect on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of T. pityocampa in comparison with controls. Therefore, these naturally occurring plant extracts could be useful for managing the larvae populations of T. pityocampa.
Some important physical (fruit external color, flesh firmness, fruit size, fruit weight, fruit volume, stone cell), chemical (ash, pH, soluble solid content, sugars, titratable acidity), sensorial (appearance, firmness, sweetness, grittiness, juiciness and overall quality) and bioactive (antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, total phenolic content, vitamin C) characteristics of eleven local and one standard pear cultivar were investigated. All cultivars were found in national pear repository in Ataturk Horticultural Central Research Institute in Turkey. Fruit weight of pears was between 56.80 g (‘Kirmizi Biber’) and 128.94 g (‘Erkenci Uzun Sap’). Results showed that ‘Bağ’ cultivar had the highest sensorial scores (8.4 overall quality) and antioxidant capacity (21.44 mg ascorbic acid equivalent∙g-1). Stone cell were found between 63.65 (‘Gümüşhane’) and 81.65 mg dry weight∙g-1 (‘Maslovka’). The cultivar ‘Orak’ showed the highest chlorogenic acid (185.98 mg∙kg-1) and epicatechin (108.26 mg∙kg-1) content.
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