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The paper attempts to synthesize the determinants which may influence the diurnal rhythm of blooming. Additionally, I tried to explore and bring together topics that concern blooming and have always been considered separately because of their origin in different disciplines. The following species were included: Hydrangea arborescens L subsp. discolor (Raf.), H. paniculata Sieb., Viburnum opulus L, Chaenomeles japonica Lindl., Knautia arvensis L., Adonis vernalis L., Aster saggitifolius Willd., Taraxacum officinale L. Chelidonium majus L. The taxons were observed in Lublin (51 08’ – 51 18’ N and 21 27’ – 21 41’ E) in the years 2001-2007. The blooming of species was determined at least for two vegetation seasons. During observations all flowers developed in one-hour intervals were counted. The diurnal dynamics of blooming differs among species and is modified by different endogenous and exogenous factors. The endogenous determinants of diurnal dynamics of blooming are morphological diversity of flowers (fertility or sterility) within species or heterostyly. The different pattern of blooming succour different mechanisms which prevent self-pollination (Chaenomeles japonica Lindl., Knautia arvensis L.). The abiotic factors, such as day length and temperature during the vegetation season, influence the change in the process of diurnal dynamics of blooming (e. g. Taraxacum officinale, Chelidonium majus)
A four-year study examined the degree of self-pollination and self-fertility in the following cultivars of Ribes nigrum L.: Ben Alder, Ben Lomond, Ben Nevis, Ben Tirran, Ceres, Ojebyn, Titania and Triton. The percentage of flowers setting fruit largely depended on the cultivar and on the pollination treatment. The most fruits (over 60%) were obtained in free-pollination conditions; 44-64% fruit set occurred when flowers were pollinated with their own pollen, and ~20% after self-pollination. In cultivars Ojebyn, Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, Ben Alder, Ben Tirran and Triton, which are largely self-fertile, there was no significant difference in fruit set between own pollen and free pollination. Cultivars Ceres and Titania had the lowest degree of self-fertility (~44%). Flowers of Ben Lomond were most capable of self-pollination (~45%). All cultivars examined require pollinating insects during flowering for satisfactory yield.
The fructification of Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. and Ch. x superba grown in the Botanical Garden in Lublin was investigated in 1999 and 2002-2003. The influence of heterostyly on the degree of fruit setting and considerable morphological differences between fruits were examined. The three form heterostyly influenced the fruit to flowers ratio and fruit weight. Long-styled flowers set significantly more fruit (approx. 70%) and of higher weight (approx. 26 g) in comparison to fruit from midstyled flowers - 50% and 20 g, respectively. The higher yield was obtained from Chaenomeles japonica ~ 1-2 kg. The average yield of Ch. x superba was ~ 0.9 kg. While planting Chaenomeles shrubs for fruit production, attention should be paid to the participation of flower types with the view to eliminating shrubs with the domination of short-styled flowers with degenerated ovary.
The experiment of the additional blow of bushes of 8 cultivars of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) was conducted in 1995–1997 in Pulawy, Poland. The artificial wind blow generated by the vacuum cleaner fan was used. The additional blow of free-pollinated and isolated bushes did not caused better pollination of flowers and did not have any positive effect on the weight of 100 fruits, the yield structure or the number of seeds per fruit.
The studies were carried out in 1994-1997. The experimental bushes were grown in Puławy. Eight cultivars were examined (,Ben Alder', ,Ben Lomond', ,Ben Nevis', ,Ben Tirran',,Ceres', ,Ojebyn',, Titania',, Triton'). Pollen grains viability was estimated in acetocarmine slides, while germination ability was estimated on agar medium. All cultivars showed high viability (80-100%). Weather conditions (especially temperatures at the time of blooming) had significant influence on germination ability. In colder years, only 10-40% of pollen produced pollen tubes, while in warmer years 50-80%. The biological value of blackcurrant pollen grains can be more effectively estimated on the basis of their ability to form pollen tubes than their viability.
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